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For permission to re-use content beyond Fair Use, contact Special Collections \u0026 Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu."],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":728,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1879916374494543872,"_root_":"7b57bc1d5783d376e21c265c","timestamp":"2026-10-24T07:46:03.337Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/7b57bc1d5783d376e21c265c_aspace_165cde08d61f6fbacb4f84cafee62772"}},{"id":"18c5e822a47508f7cfc3d586_aspace_75960","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"1991-1992 (Philpot)","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/18c5e822a47508f7cfc3d586_aspace_75960#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_75960","ref_ssm":["aspace_75960","aspace_75960"],"id":"18c5e822a47508f7cfc3d586_aspace_75960","title_filing_ssi":"1991-1992 (Philpot)","title_ssm":["1991-1992 (Philpot)"],"title_tesim":["1991-1992 (Philpot)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1991-1992 (Philpot)"],"text":["1991-1992 (Philpot)","Florida State University Student Government Association Records, 1980-2005, Date acquired: 01/00/2005, Date acquired: 08/21/2019","FSU Student Government Association","Sub-Series 3","/repositories/10/archival_objects/128375"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["18c5e822a47508f7cfc3d586","18c5e822a47508f7cfc3d586_aspace_94518"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Florida State University Student Government Association Records, 1980-2005, Date acquired: 01/00/2005, Date acquired: 08/21/2019","FSU Student Government Association"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Florida State University Student Government Association Records, 1980-2005, Date acquired: 01/00/2005, Date acquired: 08/21/2019","FSU Student Government Association"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Sub-Series 3","/repositories/10/archival_objects/128375"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Florida State University Student Government Association Records, 1980-2005, Date acquired: 01/00/2005, Date acquired: 08/21/2019"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":93,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":199,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.","See also Technical Access note below."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["To request permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from the archives, please contact Heritage \u0026 University Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. 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","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.","See also Technical Access note below.","The records are organized by academic year, August through July, beginning with 1989-1990. Records of the Student Government Association's Student Senate are organized by Student Session session, beginning with 1979-1980.","Florida State University has a long history of student self-governance. In the spring of 1913, with the support of William Dodd, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and physics professor Elmer Smith, students presented Florida State College for Women (FSCW) President Edward Conradi with a unanimous request for self-government. The result was the college's first Student Government Association (SGA). Faculty nominated candidates for the offices of president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, and president of each dormitory. After a school-wide election, officers served out the remainder of that semester.\n When the SGA formally assumed its duties in 1913, students belonged to the organization by virtue of being enrolled at FSCW. The Executive Committee met at the behest of the college administration, at least once a week. President Conradi, Vice President Arthur Williams, Rowena Longmire, and Sarah Landrum Cawthon, Dean of the College Home, formed an advisory council that directed this committee in its consideration of policy and reviewed all actions before they became effective.\n Over the next few years, the council closely supervised SGA officers, while the officers meted out punishment for minor transgressions. The Executive Committee disciplined students by restricting them to campus for up to four weeks for impertinence or flirting, for example. The Executive Committee's jurisdiction included students who lived off campus in houses rented for college use or with their families in Tallahassee, as well as students who lived in dormitories.\n After World War I the SGA gradually shifted its focus from minor infractions to the overall quality of campus life. The Executive Committee assumed responsibility for seating assignments at meals and allowed students some choice in dining companions.\n In the fall of 1925, the Conradi administration attempted to deal with overcrowded classrooms by holding Saturday classes. This caused resentment among students, many of whom disregarded the new schedules and skipped Saturday classes in protest. As a result, the administration decided to cut one quality point for each missed class and to count tardiness as an absence. This incident raised questions about the effectiveness of the SGA. Students questioned the value of an organization that could not successfully challenge the administration.\n The Conradi administration took advantage of the resulting unrest to assume more supervisory control over activities. It reorganized student government, changing the description of the organization, but not the disciplinary intent. The SGA became the College Government Association (CGA). A Judiciary and a Student Senate replaced the Executive Committee. Other offices remained the same.\n 1935 Student Body President Katherine (Kitty) Blood Hoffman recalled that during the 1940s, all students were required to attend monthly meetings. Mart Pierson Hill, CGA President from 1941-42, remembered a heated meeting in which the University of Florida (UF) Student Body president addressed FSCW about a revised UF policy on dances and its impact on the student body. Tedy Parker King, Judiciary Chair from 1944-45, recalled handling cases of academic dishonesty, cheating, and an occasional alcohol violation. When men were admitted in 1946, student life and student government changed. Men quickly dominated the CGA, and the first campus political parties, the All-Florida Party and the Independent Party, were started.\n After the creation of FSU in 1947, the CGA created a separate Men's Government Association (MGA) and Women's Government Association (WGA), headed by Phillip Roundtree and Dalia Santos Meza. In 1949 the CGA became the University Government Association (UGA) headed by separate presidential and vice presidential offices in the WGA and the MGA. This system continued until 1956, when a single presidency, supported by separate men's and women's vice presidencies was established. In 1965 the current system, one president and one vice president, was adopted. Men held the top office from 1956 until 1982 when Jill E. McConnell was elected Student Body President.\n Student government grew rapidly during the 1960's. Vice President Joyce Killan Godwin recalled 1962 as a tumultuous year: \"We were protesting the Cuban Missile Crisis and the drafting of college men.\" By 1963 UGA had established a student-owned bus system, revised women's social regulations, and merged the Men's and Women's Senates into one legislative body.\n In 1974 Florida Governor Reuben Askew, the 1956 Student Body President, signed a law allowing student governments across the state to set and allocate Activities and Service fees. The second half of the decade saw FSU student government leaders taking an active role in voter registration. It is said that over 10,000 FSU students were registered to vote in 1975.\n During the 1980s, student government worked to improve the quality of life at Florida State University. Significant accomplishments included a new bus system, the Seminole Express, and the SGA Movie Channel.\n Tremendous growth at Florida State University during the 1980s and 1990s allowed the SGA to become more active in university and educational affairs at the state level. Executive officers attended conferences across the nation, a statewide student government Vice Presidents Council was formed, and student government presidents worked to end the oversight of the state Board of Regents. Quality of student life continued to be a priority as well. The SGA was instrumental in establishing a bike trail and emergency Blue Light phones, expanding and modernizing the student union, and constructing the Student Life Building. Minority student activism resulted in the passage of the Anti-Discrimination Bill, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. The SGA also took a pro-active approach to the AIDS epidemic, establishing education, counseling, and HIV testing for students.\n By 2000, the Board of Regents was abolished by the State of Florida, giving student governments across Florida more autonomy. In 2001, the SGA successfully lobbied for the Student Body President to be a voting member of the newly created FSU Board of Trustees. The FSU SGA also established secure online voting for student government elections in 2000.\n Student government has been an important force on the Florida State University campus. As the organization has grown and matured, its members and officers have addressed many problems and made significant improvements to the quality of education and student life at FSU. Today the SGA closely resembles the government of the State of Florida in its structure and functions: it is comprised of Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches. The majority of the records in this collection were created by, or directly pertain to, the executive branch.","Content of audiovisual media may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026 Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu.","Documents from 1996-2002 were initially processed by Burt Altman in January and February 2005. Documents from 1989-2002 were processed from May-August 2006 by Rebecca Curtiss-Floyd.","The Florida State University (FSU) Student Government Association Records document the actions taken by student government and university administrations. The records describe significant topics that have impacted students, such as accountability in higher education and the participation of student body presidents on the Florida Board of Regents and FSU Board of Trustees.\n During processing, the records of each president and Student Senate session were removed from loose-leaf binders and placed in folders. The original volume numbers and titles were retained and recorded in the container list and on the folders. The content and internal order of each administration's files varies. The records may include agendas, budget materials, committee files, correspondence, memoranda, minutes, newspaper clippings, and reports.\n Applications for student government positions, which contain confidential information such as Social Security Numbers, were removed. Social Security Numbers on student government appointment letters were obscured. Thermal paper facsimiles were photocopied for preservation.","Select materials from this collection and related collections have been digitized and are available through the  FSU Digital Library .","To request permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from the archives, please contact Heritage \u0026 University Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. Researchers must obtain separate permission from the copyright holders of material held within University Archives collections for which the institution does not hold copyright.","The Florida State University Student Government Association (SGA) Records contain materials documenting the Student Government Association's activities. Materials include appointment records, memos, meeting minutes and agendas, invitations, and other records documenting the operations and activities of the association, its executive and legislative officers, student clubs, agencies, and committees.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Florida State University. 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The Executive Committee met at the behest of the college administration, at least once a week. President Conradi, Vice President Arthur Williams, Rowena Longmire, and Sarah Landrum Cawthon, Dean of the College Home, formed an advisory council that directed this committee in its consideration of policy and reviewed all actions before they became effective.\n Over the next few years, the council closely supervised SGA officers, while the officers meted out punishment for minor transgressions. The Executive Committee disciplined students by restricting them to campus for up to four weeks for impertinence or flirting, for example. The Executive Committee's jurisdiction included students who lived off campus in houses rented for college use or with their families in Tallahassee, as well as students who lived in dormitories.\n After World War I the SGA gradually shifted its focus from minor infractions to the overall quality of campus life. The Executive Committee assumed responsibility for seating assignments at meals and allowed students some choice in dining companions.\n In the fall of 1925, the Conradi administration attempted to deal with overcrowded classrooms by holding Saturday classes. This caused resentment among students, many of whom disregarded the new schedules and skipped Saturday classes in protest. As a result, the administration decided to cut one quality point for each missed class and to count tardiness as an absence. This incident raised questions about the effectiveness of the SGA. Students questioned the value of an organization that could not successfully challenge the administration.\n The Conradi administration took advantage of the resulting unrest to assume more supervisory control over activities. It reorganized student government, changing the description of the organization, but not the disciplinary intent. The SGA became the College Government Association (CGA). A Judiciary and a Student Senate replaced the Executive Committee. Other offices remained the same.\n 1935 Student Body President Katherine (Kitty) Blood Hoffman recalled that during the 1940s, all students were required to attend monthly meetings. Mart Pierson Hill, CGA President from 1941-42, remembered a heated meeting in which the University of Florida (UF) Student Body president addressed FSCW about a revised UF policy on dances and its impact on the student body. Tedy Parker King, Judiciary Chair from 1944-45, recalled handling cases of academic dishonesty, cheating, and an occasional alcohol violation. When men were admitted in 1946, student life and student government changed. Men quickly dominated the CGA, and the first campus political parties, the All-Florida Party and the Independent Party, were started.\n After the creation of FSU in 1947, the CGA created a separate Men's Government Association (MGA) and Women's Government Association (WGA), headed by Phillip Roundtree and Dalia Santos Meza. In 1949 the CGA became the University Government Association (UGA) headed by separate presidential and vice presidential offices in the WGA and the MGA. This system continued until 1956, when a single presidency, supported by separate men's and women's vice presidencies was established. In 1965 the current system, one president and one vice president, was adopted. Men held the top office from 1956 until 1982 when Jill E. McConnell was elected Student Body President.\n Student government grew rapidly during the 1960's. Vice President Joyce Killan Godwin recalled 1962 as a tumultuous year: \"We were protesting the Cuban Missile Crisis and the drafting of college men.\" By 1963 UGA had established a student-owned bus system, revised women's social regulations, and merged the Men's and Women's Senates into one legislative body.\n In 1974 Florida Governor Reuben Askew, the 1956 Student Body President, signed a law allowing student governments across the state to set and allocate Activities and Service fees. The second half of the decade saw FSU student government leaders taking an active role in voter registration. It is said that over 10,000 FSU students were registered to vote in 1975.\n During the 1980s, student government worked to improve the quality of life at Florida State University. Significant accomplishments included a new bus system, the Seminole Express, and the SGA Movie Channel.\n Tremendous growth at Florida State University during the 1980s and 1990s allowed the SGA to become more active in university and educational affairs at the state level. Executive officers attended conferences across the nation, a statewide student government Vice Presidents Council was formed, and student government presidents worked to end the oversight of the state Board of Regents. Quality of student life continued to be a priority as well. The SGA was instrumental in establishing a bike trail and emergency Blue Light phones, expanding and modernizing the student union, and constructing the Student Life Building. Minority student activism resulted in the passage of the Anti-Discrimination Bill, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. The SGA also took a pro-active approach to the AIDS epidemic, establishing education, counseling, and HIV testing for students.\n By 2000, the Board of Regents was abolished by the State of Florida, giving student governments across Florida more autonomy. In 2001, the SGA successfully lobbied for the Student Body President to be a voting member of the newly created FSU Board of Trustees. The FSU SGA also established secure online voting for student government elections in 2000.\n Student government has been an important force on the Florida State University campus. As the organization has grown and matured, its members and officers have addressed many problems and made significant improvements to the quality of education and student life at FSU. Today the SGA closely resembles the government of the State of Florida in its structure and functions: it is comprised of Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches. The majority of the records in this collection were created by, or directly pertain to, the executive branch."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent of audiovisual media may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Technical Access"],"phystech_tesim":["Content of audiovisual media may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026 Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name of Item], [Date of Item], Florida State University Student Government Association Collection, Heritage \u0026amp; University Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-2007-018\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name of Item], [Date of Item], Florida State University Student Government Association Collection, Heritage \u0026 University Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-2007-018"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDocuments from 1996-2002 were initially processed by Burt Altman in January and February 2005. Documents from 1989-2002 were processed from May-August 2006 by Rebecca Curtiss-Floyd.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Documents from 1996-2002 were initially processed by Burt Altman in January and February 2005. Documents from 1989-2002 were processed from May-August 2006 by Rebecca Curtiss-Floyd."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Florida State University (FSU) Student Government Association Records document the actions taken by student government and university administrations. The records describe significant topics that have impacted students, such as accountability in higher education and the participation of student body presidents on the Florida Board of Regents and FSU Board of Trustees.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring processing, the records of each president and Student Senate session were removed from loose-leaf binders and placed in folders. The original volume numbers and titles were retained and recorded in the container list and on the folders. The content and internal order of each administration's files varies. The records may include agendas, budget materials, committee files, correspondence, memoranda, minutes, newspaper clippings, and reports.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eApplications for student government positions, which contain confidential information such as Social Security Numbers, were removed. Social Security Numbers on student government appointment letters were obscured. Thermal paper facsimiles were photocopied for preservation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSelect materials from this collection and related collections have been digitized and are available through the \u003cextref href=\"https://repository.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:hpuastudentgovassociation\"\u003eFSU Digital Library\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Online Copies Available"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Florida State University (FSU) Student Government Association Records document the actions taken by student government and university administrations. The records describe significant topics that have impacted students, such as accountability in higher education and the participation of student body presidents on the Florida Board of Regents and FSU Board of Trustees.\n During processing, the records of each president and Student Senate session were removed from loose-leaf binders and placed in folders. The original volume numbers and titles were retained and recorded in the container list and on the folders. The content and internal order of each administration's files varies. The records may include agendas, budget materials, committee files, correspondence, memoranda, minutes, newspaper clippings, and reports.\n Applications for student government positions, which contain confidential information such as Social Security Numbers, were removed. Social Security Numbers on student government appointment letters were obscured. Thermal paper facsimiles were photocopied for preservation.","Select materials from this collection and related collections have been digitized and are available through the  FSU Digital Library ."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTo request permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from the archives, please contact Heritage \u0026amp; University Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. Researchers must obtain separate permission from the copyright holders of material held within University Archives collections for which the institution does not hold copyright.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["To request permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from the archives, please contact Heritage \u0026 University Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. Researchers must obtain separate permission from the copyright holders of material held within University Archives collections for which the institution does not hold copyright."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2d04ac0932636596e6555db74dc7326e\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Florida State University Student Government Association (SGA) Records contain materials documenting the Student Government Association's activities. Materials include appointment records, memos, meeting minutes and agendas, invitations, and other records documenting the operations and activities of the association, its executive and legislative officers, student clubs, agencies, and committees.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Florida State University Student Government Association (SGA) Records contain materials documenting the Student Government Association's activities. Materials include appointment records, memos, meeting minutes and agendas, invitations, and other records documenting the operations and activities of the association, its executive and legislative officers, student clubs, agencies, and committees."],"names_coll_ssim":["Florida State University. Student Government Association"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Florida State University. Student Government Association"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Florida State University. Student Government Association"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1134,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1876745467382988800,"_root_":"18c5e822a47508f7cfc3d586","timestamp":"2026-09-19T07:45:50.663Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFlorida State University has a long history of student self-governance. In the spring of 1913, with the support of William Dodd, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and physics professor Elmer Smith, students presented Florida State College for Women (FSCW) President Edward Conradi with a unanimous request for self-government. The result was the college's first Student Government Association (SGA). Faculty nominated candidates for the offices of president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, and president of each dormitory. After a school-wide election, officers served out the remainder of that semester.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhen the SGA formally assumed its duties in 1913, students belonged to the organization by virtue of being enrolled at FSCW. The Executive Committee met at the behest of the college administration, at least once a week. President Conradi, Vice President Arthur Williams, Rowena Longmire, and Sarah Landrum Cawthon, Dean of the College Home, formed an advisory council that directed this committee in its consideration of policy and reviewed all actions before they became effective.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOver the next few years, the council closely supervised SGA officers, while the officers meted out punishment for minor transgressions. The Executive Committee disciplined students by restricting them to campus for up to four weeks for impertinence or flirting, for example. The Executive Committee's jurisdiction included students who lived off campus in houses rented for college use or with their families in Tallahassee, as well as students who lived in dormitories.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter World War I the SGA gradually shifted its focus from minor infractions to the overall quality of campus life. The Executive Committee assumed responsibility for seating assignments at meals and allowed students some choice in dining companions.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the fall of 1925, the Conradi administration attempted to deal with overcrowded classrooms by holding Saturday classes. This caused resentment among students, many of whom disregarded the new schedules and skipped Saturday classes in protest. As a result, the administration decided to cut one quality point for each missed class and to count tardiness as an absence. This incident raised questions about the effectiveness of the SGA. Students questioned the value of an organization that could not successfully challenge the administration.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Conradi administration took advantage of the resulting unrest to assume more supervisory control over activities. It reorganized student government, changing the description of the organization, but not the disciplinary intent. The SGA became the College Government Association (CGA). A Judiciary and a Student Senate replaced the Executive Committee. Other offices remained the same.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1935 Student Body President Katherine (Kitty) Blood Hoffman recalled that during the 1940s, all students were required to attend monthly meetings. Mart Pierson Hill, CGA President from 1941-42, remembered a heated meeting in which the University of Florida (UF) Student Body president addressed FSCW about a revised UF policy on dances and its impact on the student body. Tedy Parker King, Judiciary Chair from 1944-45, recalled handling cases of academic dishonesty, cheating, and an occasional alcohol violation. When men were admitted in 1946, student life and student government changed. Men quickly dominated the CGA, and the first campus political parties, the All-Florida Party and the Independent Party, were started.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the creation of FSU in 1947, the CGA created a separate Men's Government Association (MGA) and Women's Government Association (WGA), headed by Phillip Roundtree and Dalia Santos Meza. In 1949 the CGA became the University Government Association (UGA) headed by separate presidential and vice presidential offices in the WGA and the MGA. This system continued until 1956, when a single presidency, supported by separate men's and women's vice presidencies was established. In 1965 the current system, one president and one vice president, was adopted. Men held the top office from 1956 until 1982 when Jill E. McConnell was elected Student Body President.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStudent government grew rapidly during the 1960's. Vice President Joyce Killan Godwin recalled 1962 as a tumultuous year: \"We were protesting the Cuban Missile Crisis and the drafting of college men.\" By 1963 UGA had established a student-owned bus system, revised women's social regulations, and merged the Men's and Women's Senates into one legislative body.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1974 Florida Governor Reuben Askew, the 1956 Student Body President, signed a law allowing student governments across the state to set and allocate Activities and Service fees. The second half of the decade saw FSU student government leaders taking an active role in voter registration. It is said that over 10,000 FSU students were registered to vote in 1975.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring the 1980s, student government worked to improve the quality of life at Florida State University. Significant accomplishments included a new bus system, the Seminole Express, and the SGA Movie Channel.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTremendous growth at Florida State University during the 1980s and 1990s allowed the SGA to become more active in university and educational affairs at the state level. Executive officers attended conferences across the nation, a statewide student government Vice Presidents Council was formed, and student government presidents worked to end the oversight of the state Board of Regents. Quality of student life continued to be a priority as well. The SGA was instrumental in establishing a bike trail and emergency Blue Light phones, expanding and modernizing the student union, and constructing the Student Life Building. Minority student activism resulted in the passage of the Anti-Discrimination Bill, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. The SGA also took a pro-active approach to the AIDS epidemic, establishing education, counseling, and HIV testing for students.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy 2000, the Board of Regents was abolished by the State of Florida, giving student governments across Florida more autonomy. In 2001, the SGA successfully lobbied for the Student Body President to be a voting member of the newly created FSU Board of Trustees. The FSU SGA also established secure online voting for student government elections in 2000.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStudent government has been an important force on the Florida State University campus. As the organization has grown and matured, its members and officers have addressed many problems and made significant improvements to the quality of education and student life at FSU. Today the SGA closely resembles the government of the State of Florida in its structure and functions: it is comprised of Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches. The majority of the records in this collection were created by, or directly pertain to, the executive branch.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/18c5e822a47508f7cfc3d586_aspace_75960"}},{"id":"7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911_aspace_149289","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1991-1993","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911_aspace_149289#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_149289","ref_ssm":["aspace_149289","aspace_149289"],"id":"7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911_aspace_149289","title_filing_ssi":"1991-1993","title_ssm":["1991-1993"],"title_tesim":["1991-1993"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1991-1993"],"text":["1991-1993","Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, 1981","Activities, 1982-2009","General Programs, 1986-2001","Folder 10","/repositories/10/archival_objects/54160","box 4","folder 10"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911","7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911_aspace_149275","7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911_aspace_149285"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, 1981","Activities, 1982-2009","General Programs, 1986-2001"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, 1981","Activities, 1982-2009","General Programs, 1986-2001"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 10","/repositories/10/archival_objects/54160"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, 1981"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":58,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright has not been transferred to the Florida State University Libraries.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"containers_ssim":["box 4","folder 10"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1/components#2","_nest_parent_":"7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911_aspace_149285","_root_":"7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911","timestamp":"2026-07-08T11:26:49.013Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911","title_ssm":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records"],"title_tesim":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records"],"ead_ssi":"7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911","unitdate_ssm":["1981"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1981"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 2010-001","/repositories/10/resources/553"],"text":["MSS 2010-001","/repositories/10/resources/553","Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, 1981","Genealogy","Leon County (FL)---Heritage Book Project","Leon County (FL)--History","Account books","Reports","Correspondence","Minutes","Newsletters","Photography Negatives","Photographs","Programs","Scrapbooks","This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.","Collection divided into Administrative, Activities, Membership and Activities files. The files within the four categories are arranged alphabetically.","Founded out of a need to organize an interest group of local amateur and professional genealogists, Cliff Burkhart and a group of 80 charter members started the Tallahassee Genealogical Society in 1981. The organizational meeting was held on April 30, 1981, at which 63 members were present.\n The first periodic publication of the Society, the Bulletin, started during this year. Initially intended merely as a monthly bulletin, it expanded the next year into a full quarterly publication. An important milestone for the Society was its first published book, Surname Index, published in 1987. This was a compilation of surnames submitted by members of the Society used both as an aid to other researchers and a way of connecting researchers with common family interests. Another publication issued by the Society was the Florida Voter Registration Lists compiled by Carol Bouknecht. This book was the result of a seven-year project of which Mavis Day and other TGS members also took a role in completing. It was a transcription of the lists of registered voters in the state of Florida in 1868 and 1869. It included many first time African-American voters throughout the state and represented a period of Reconstruction where African-Americans had a measure of freedom that they would not experience for almost 100 years later.\nTwo of the Society's signature annual programs are the Spring Seminars and the Fall Workshops. The first seminar took place in January 1982, with Willard Heiss as the speaker. The first workshop, a class held by Eleanor Gartner, was in 1984, and after a temporary suspension in 1985, became an annual tradition of the Society. Among the group's major early achievements was the Bible Copying Day, done in collaboration with the Florida State Archives. This project made family bibles available for local genealogical and historical researchers and had the additional benefit of preservation.\n The Society has undertaken several projects that benefited the local genealogical community. Among the Society's most ambitious projects have been surveys of the church records and cemeteries within Leon County. The result of these projects resulted in the creation of invaluable reference sources for Leon County. The Church Records Project, started in 1999, undertook the daunting task of compiling all the religious establishments within the county and commenting on the status of their records. This included listing what types of records exist of the group and who holds them, if they are still in existence. This project strayed from the traditional church records projects of the past in its inclusiveness of religions outside the mainstream of society. The Cemetery Survey Project was similar to the church project except it was not complete but in the cemeteries it did cover, it included a list of burials made at that respective cemetery.\n A major focus of the Society after 2000 has been undertaking group projects that are more personal in nature. Two of their most recent programs, the Family History Expo and the Leon County Heritage Book Project, reflect these changes. The Family History Expo is an interesting combination of family history and history fair projects. Members give presentations on their families using a variety of methods, the whole point of the Expo being to allow creativity. Recognizing the fact that many people in this area do not have deep family roots in Leon County, the Family History Expo does not place geographical or time period restraints on the subject matter. What results is a showcase of the cultural heterogeneity of the country. Following a similar vein, the Heritage Book Project is an ambitious undertaking that does not require anyone to have a family history in the area. The proposed book is simply a collection of personal stories from current and former residents who reminisce about their stay in Leon County.","The collection was developed and maintained over the years by various TGS archivists. The photographs and scrapbooks were created and maintained by Nellie Bird Mims, highly active TGS member, until her death, when they were given to TGS.","After 2006, the Minutes are kept in electronic format on CD. TGS Quarterlies are also available in electronic format on CD.","The collection was processed by TGS archivists Burt Altman and Andrew Waber in 2008-2009.","This collection is divided into four categories: Activies, Administrative, Membership and Publication Files. They cover a time period ranging from the creation of the Tallahassee Genealogical Society (TGS) in 1981 to 2008. The Administrative Records contain general and board meeting minutes, financial records, the Society By-Laws, presidential correspondence and materials relating to the incorporation of the TGS. The Activities files document the events that the TGS either held or took part in since its creation. It contains flyers for seminars, workshops, and programs hosted by the Society. It also contains photographs taken by Nellie Mims. Membership files include applications for membership, membership lists and tributes to former members. The Publication files contains periodic publications such as the TGS Bulletin and the TGS Genealogist. It also has early drafts of Society publications such as the Will Book, Voter Registration book, and the Surname Directory.","Records pertaining to the Bible Records Project, reference materials concerning the \"Welsh in America,\" and microfilms of indexes from the Florida State Archives have been separated from the collection. These are research materials for future TGS projects, and will be housed in the TGS storage unit. Please contact the TGS president for access. In addition, master copies of TGS publications will be housed in the storage unit, and two final copies of these publications will be housed with the collection.","Copyright has not been transferred to the Florida State University Libraries.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","This collection contains business records, publications, correspondence and manuscripts created and maintained by the Tallahassee Genealogical Society (TGS). The format of the records are in paper, book and digital format.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Tallahassee Genealogical Society","Bouknecht, Carol","Burkhart, Cliff","Day, Mavis","Heiss, Willard","Gartner, Eleanor","Mims, Nellie Bird","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 2010-001","/repositories/10/resources/553"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1981"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, 1981"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, 1981"],"collection_ssim":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. 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The photographs and scrapbooks were acquired from the estate of Nellie Bird Mims."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Genealogy","Leon County (FL)---Heritage Book Project","Leon County (FL)--History","Account books","Reports","Correspondence","Minutes","Newsletters","Photography Negatives","Photographs","Programs","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Genealogy","Leon County (FL)---Heritage Book Project","Leon County (FL)--History","Account books","Reports","Correspondence","Minutes","Newsletters","Photography Negatives","Photographs","Programs","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.80 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2.80 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Reports","Correspondence","Minutes","Newsletters","Photography Negatives","Photographs","Programs","Scrapbooks"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection divided into Administrative, Activities, Membership and Activities files. The files within the four categories are arranged alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Collection divided into Administrative, Activities, Membership and Activities files. The files within the four categories are arranged alphabetically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFounded out of a need to organize an interest group of local amateur and professional genealogists, Cliff Burkhart and a group of 80 charter members started the Tallahassee Genealogical Society in 1981. The organizational meeting was held on April 30, 1981, at which 63 members were present.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe first periodic publication of the Society, the Bulletin, started during this year. Initially intended merely as a monthly bulletin, it expanded the next year into a full quarterly publication. An important milestone for the Society was its first published book, Surname Index, published in 1987. This was a compilation of surnames submitted by members of the Society used both as an aid to other researchers and a way of connecting researchers with common family interests. Another publication issued by the Society was the Florida Voter Registration Lists compiled by Carol Bouknecht. This book was the result of a seven-year project of which Mavis Day and other TGS members also took a role in completing. It was a transcription of the lists of registered voters in the state of Florida in 1868 and 1869. It included many first time African-American voters throughout the state and represented a period of Reconstruction where African-Americans had a measure of freedom that they would not experience for almost 100 years later.\nTwo of the Society's signature annual programs are the Spring Seminars and the Fall Workshops. The first seminar took place in January 1982, with Willard Heiss as the speaker. The first workshop, a class held by Eleanor Gartner, was in 1984, and after a temporary suspension in 1985, became an annual tradition of the Society. Among the group's major early achievements was the Bible Copying Day, done in collaboration with the Florida State Archives. This project made family bibles available for local genealogical and historical researchers and had the additional benefit of preservation.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Society has undertaken several projects that benefited the local genealogical community. Among the Society's most ambitious projects have been surveys of the church records and cemeteries within Leon County. The result of these projects resulted in the creation of invaluable reference sources for Leon County. The Church Records Project, started in 1999, undertook the daunting task of compiling all the religious establishments within the county and commenting on the status of their records. This included listing what types of records exist of the group and who holds them, if they are still in existence. This project strayed from the traditional church records projects of the past in its inclusiveness of religions outside the mainstream of society. The Cemetery Survey Project was similar to the church project except it was not complete but in the cemeteries it did cover, it included a list of burials made at that respective cemetery.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA major focus of the Society after 2000 has been undertaking group projects that are more personal in nature. Two of their most recent programs, the Family History Expo and the Leon County Heritage Book Project, reflect these changes. The Family History Expo is an interesting combination of family history and history fair projects. Members give presentations on their families using a variety of methods, the whole point of the Expo being to allow creativity. Recognizing the fact that many people in this area do not have deep family roots in Leon County, the Family History Expo does not place geographical or time period restraints on the subject matter. What results is a showcase of the cultural heterogeneity of the country. Following a similar vein, the Heritage Book Project is an ambitious undertaking that does not require anyone to have a family history in the area. The proposed book is simply a collection of personal stories from current and former residents who reminisce about their stay in Leon County.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Founded out of a need to organize an interest group of local amateur and professional genealogists, Cliff Burkhart and a group of 80 charter members started the Tallahassee Genealogical Society in 1981. The organizational meeting was held on April 30, 1981, at which 63 members were present.\n The first periodic publication of the Society, the Bulletin, started during this year. Initially intended merely as a monthly bulletin, it expanded the next year into a full quarterly publication. An important milestone for the Society was its first published book, Surname Index, published in 1987. This was a compilation of surnames submitted by members of the Society used both as an aid to other researchers and a way of connecting researchers with common family interests. Another publication issued by the Society was the Florida Voter Registration Lists compiled by Carol Bouknecht. This book was the result of a seven-year project of which Mavis Day and other TGS members also took a role in completing. It was a transcription of the lists of registered voters in the state of Florida in 1868 and 1869. It included many first time African-American voters throughout the state and represented a period of Reconstruction where African-Americans had a measure of freedom that they would not experience for almost 100 years later.\nTwo of the Society's signature annual programs are the Spring Seminars and the Fall Workshops. The first seminar took place in January 1982, with Willard Heiss as the speaker. The first workshop, a class held by Eleanor Gartner, was in 1984, and after a temporary suspension in 1985, became an annual tradition of the Society. Among the group's major early achievements was the Bible Copying Day, done in collaboration with the Florida State Archives. This project made family bibles available for local genealogical and historical researchers and had the additional benefit of preservation.\n The Society has undertaken several projects that benefited the local genealogical community. Among the Society's most ambitious projects have been surveys of the church records and cemeteries within Leon County. The result of these projects resulted in the creation of invaluable reference sources for Leon County. The Church Records Project, started in 1999, undertook the daunting task of compiling all the religious establishments within the county and commenting on the status of their records. This included listing what types of records exist of the group and who holds them, if they are still in existence. This project strayed from the traditional church records projects of the past in its inclusiveness of religions outside the mainstream of society. The Cemetery Survey Project was similar to the church project except it was not complete but in the cemeteries it did cover, it included a list of burials made at that respective cemetery.\n A major focus of the Society after 2000 has been undertaking group projects that are more personal in nature. Two of their most recent programs, the Family History Expo and the Leon County Heritage Book Project, reflect these changes. The Family History Expo is an interesting combination of family history and history fair projects. Members give presentations on their families using a variety of methods, the whole point of the Expo being to allow creativity. Recognizing the fact that many people in this area do not have deep family roots in Leon County, the Family History Expo does not place geographical or time period restraints on the subject matter. What results is a showcase of the cultural heterogeneity of the country. Following a similar vein, the Heritage Book Project is an ambitious undertaking that does not require anyone to have a family history in the area. The proposed book is simply a collection of personal stories from current and former residents who reminisce about their stay in Leon County."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was developed and maintained over the years by various TGS archivists. The photographs and scrapbooks were created and maintained by Nellie Bird Mims, highly active TGS member, until her death, when they were given to TGS.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection was developed and maintained over the years by various TGS archivists. The photographs and scrapbooks were created and maintained by Nellie Bird Mims, highly active TGS member, until her death, when they were given to TGS."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter 2006, the Minutes are kept in electronic format on CD. TGS Quarterlies are also available in electronic format on CD.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["After 2006, the Minutes are kept in electronic format on CD. TGS Quarterlies are also available in electronic format on CD."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Tallahassee Genealogical Society, Inc. Records, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was processed by TGS archivists Burt Altman and Andrew Waber in 2008-2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was processed by TGS archivists Burt Altman and Andrew Waber in 2008-2009."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into four categories: Activies, Administrative, Membership and Publication Files. They cover a time period ranging from the creation of the Tallahassee Genealogical Society (TGS) in 1981 to 2008. The Administrative Records contain general and board meeting minutes, financial records, the Society By-Laws, presidential correspondence and materials relating to the incorporation of the TGS. The Activities files document the events that the TGS either held or took part in since its creation. It contains flyers for seminars, workshops, and programs hosted by the Society. It also contains photographs taken by Nellie Mims. Membership files include applications for membership, membership lists and tributes to former members. The Publication files contains periodic publications such as the TGS Bulletin and the TGS Genealogist. It also has early drafts of Society publications such as the Will Book, Voter Registration book, and the Surname Directory.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is divided into four categories: Activies, Administrative, Membership and Publication Files. They cover a time period ranging from the creation of the Tallahassee Genealogical Society (TGS) in 1981 to 2008. The Administrative Records contain general and board meeting minutes, financial records, the Society By-Laws, presidential correspondence and materials relating to the incorporation of the TGS. The Activities files document the events that the TGS either held or took part in since its creation. It contains flyers for seminars, workshops, and programs hosted by the Society. It also contains photographs taken by Nellie Mims. Membership files include applications for membership, membership lists and tributes to former members. The Publication files contains periodic publications such as the TGS Bulletin and the TGS Genealogist. It also has early drafts of Society publications such as the Will Book, Voter Registration book, and the Surname Directory."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords pertaining to the Bible Records Project, reference materials concerning the \"Welsh in America,\" and microfilms of indexes from the Florida State Archives have been separated from the collection. These are research materials for future TGS projects, and will be housed in the TGS storage unit. Please contact the TGS president for access. In addition, master copies of TGS publications will be housed in the storage unit, and two final copies of these publications will be housed with the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Records pertaining to the Bible Records Project, reference materials concerning the \"Welsh in America,\" and microfilms of indexes from the Florida State Archives have been separated from the collection. These are research materials for future TGS projects, and will be housed in the TGS storage unit. Please contact the TGS president for access. In addition, master copies of TGS publications will be housed in the storage unit, and two final copies of these publications will be housed with the collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright has not been transferred to the Florida State University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright has not been transferred to the Florida State University Libraries.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6b8fec0a0920a5b8581ce50454addfbd\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains business records, publications, correspondence and manuscripts created and maintained by the Tallahassee Genealogical Society (TGS). The format of the records are in paper, book and digital format.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains business records, publications, correspondence and manuscripts created and maintained by the Tallahassee Genealogical Society (TGS). The format of the records are in paper, book and digital format."],"names_coll_ssim":["Tallahassee Genealogical Society","Bouknecht, Carol","Burkhart, Cliff","Day, Mavis","Heiss, Willard","Gartner, Eleanor","Mims, Nellie Bird"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Tallahassee Genealogical Society","Bouknecht, Carol","Burkhart, Cliff","Day, Mavis","Heiss, Willard","Gartner, Eleanor","Mims, Nellie Bird"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Tallahassee Genealogical Society"],"persname_ssim":["Bouknecht, Carol","Burkhart, Cliff","Day, Mavis","Heiss, Willard","Gartner, Eleanor","Mims, Nellie Bird"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":93,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911","timestamp":"2026-07-08T11:26:49.013Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/7b2410151b60f2bdc4a2d911_aspace_149289"}},{"id":"388e949f926c3aca0c2edb39_aspace_134275","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1991-1994","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/388e949f926c3aca0c2edb39_aspace_134275#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eCanadian training program on transportation and people with disabilities. 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Documents related to the Transportation Disadvantaged program and Medicaid including memos, article, copy of legislation, and summary of issues and recommendations."],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["388e949f926c3aca0c2edb39","388e949f926c3aca0c2edb39_aspace_133179","388e949f926c3aca0c2edb39_aspace_133197"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Elizabeth \"Budd\" Bell Collection, 1944-2012, Date acquired: 06/21/2013, bulk 1971-2005","Research Materials","Transportation"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Elizabeth \"Budd\" Bell Collection, 1944-2012, Date acquired: 06/21/2013, bulk 1971-2005","Research Materials","Transportation"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 2","/repositories/10/archival_objects/167160"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Elizabeth \"Budd\" Bell Collection, 1944-2012, Date acquired: 06/21/2013, bulk 1971-2005"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":278,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Users may access this collection at the Claude Pepper Library."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. 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Administrative materials for the Clearinghouse and Budd Bell Foundation include establishment papers, public issue statements, memos, correspondence with advocacy organizations and lawmakers, and conference planning materials. Budd Bell's personal works include academic articles, opinion pieces, conference presentations, speeches, and handwritten notes. The collection also contains several award letters, plaques, and certificates as well as posthumous recognitions.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. 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Administrative materials for the Clearinghouse and Budd Bell Foundation include establishment papers, public issue statements, memos, correspondence with advocacy organizations and lawmakers, and conference planning materials. Budd Bell's personal works include academic articles, opinion pieces, conference presentations, speeches, and handwritten notes. The collection also contains several award letters, plaques, and certificates as well as posthumous recognitions."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. 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Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010","Professional papers, 1941-2010","Research \u0026 Experiments, 1941-2010","Sub-Sub-Series 11","/repositories/10/archival_objects/20688","Research documents related to the years 1991-1995"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["66acdd8a0f438be41593472d","66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_83008","66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_83015"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010","Professional papers, 1941-2010","Research \u0026 Experiments, 1941-2010"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010","Professional papers, 1941-2010","Research \u0026 Experiments, 1941-2010"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Sub-Sub-Series 11","/repositories/10/archival_objects/20688"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":55,"level_ssm":["Other level"],"level_ssim":["Other level"],"sort_isi":629,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearch documents related to the years 1991-1995\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Research documents related to the years 1991-1995"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2/components#10","_nest_parent_":"66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_83015","_root_":"66acdd8a0f438be41593472d","_version_":1870859136383582208,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:25:07.964Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"66acdd8a0f438be41593472d","title_ssm":["Dexter M. Easton Papers"],"title_tesim":["Dexter M. 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Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.","Transferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010.","The collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n \tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon","Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Documents pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 2010-1209","/repositories/10/resources/68"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"collection_title_tesim":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"collection_ssim":["Dexter M. Easton Papers, 1945-2010, Date acquired: 12/09/2010"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"creator_ssm":["Easton, Dexter M."],"creator_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M."],"creators_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M."],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Matthew Easton, son of Dexter Easton.","Transferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Biology.","Physiology.","Neurosciences.","Neurophysiology.","Neuromuscular transmission.","Biophysics.","Gars.","Crustacea.","Mathematics, Gompertz","Florida State University. Dept. of Biological Science","Harvard University--History.","University of Washington--History","Clark University (Worcester, Mass.)","Florida State University--Faculty"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Biology.","Physiology.","Neurosciences.","Neurophysiology.","Neuromuscular transmission.","Biophysics.","Gars.","Crustacea.","Mathematics, Gompertz","Florida State University. Dept. of Biological Science","Harvard University--History.","University of Washington--History","Clark University (Worcester, Mass.)","Florida State University--Faculty"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["202.00 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["202.00 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from Dexter Easton's home to Special Collections on December 9-10, 2010."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Dexter M. Easton Papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida\nhttps://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1-03\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Dexter M. Easton Papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida\nhttps://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1-03"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes correspondence with family, friends, students, and colleagues; lab notes covering over fifty years of ongoing research; manuscripts of papers and book, both published and unpublished; teaching materials including lecture notes and slides; conference posters; and personal documents recording his youth and private life. Most of the materials are printed or hand-written papers, along with a small number of scientific photographs and slides.\n \tExamples of topics covered in his professional work include: a) Gating charge voltage dependence on holding potential, predicted by expo-exponential model b) Na+ permeability change predicted proportional to gating current c) X-ray survival as Gompertz growth in number killed d) Muscle chamber with strain gauge adapted for isotonic/isometric recording e) Macroscopic INa changes in proportion to fast and slow components of gating current in squid axon"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright for this collection cannot be determined. All requests for permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Director of University Libraries. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ef3d6acf0f45483dc2688994c8216df9\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDocuments pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Documents pertaining to FSU biology professor Dr. Dexter M. Easton's professional and personal life, from his childhood in the 1930s through his death in 2010. Includes documents pertaining to his education, his scientific research, and his work as a university professor."],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010"],"persname_ssim":["Easton, Dexter M.","Easton, Dexter M. (Dexter Morgan), 1921-2010"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1406,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870859136383582208,"_root_":"66acdd8a0f438be41593472d","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:25:07.964Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/66acdd8a0f438be41593472d_aspace_83027"}},{"id":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160193","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1991-1996","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160193#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003ePamphlets and reports: Hemlock Leaders Conference - Summary of Significant Changes in Right to Die Laws, Oregon - A Bill for an Act Relating to the Rights of Qualified Patients, State of Washington, House Bill No. 3005, An Act Related to the Natural Death Act, Q\u0026amp;A on Proposition 161 the California Death with Dignity Act, Florida Legislature 1991-1992 - Legislative Bill Information System Publications and On-line Computer Access, Draft - Stop Do Not Resuscitate Order, Document Kit containing Advance Medical Directives for Medical Care and Personal Affairs, Florida Senate 1994-1996. The California Death with Dignity Act. 11 items.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160193#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_160193","ref_ssm":["aspace_160193","aspace_160193"],"id":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160193","unitdate_other_ssim":["1991-1996"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1991-1996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1991-1996"],"text":["1991-1996","Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012","Folder 15","/repositories/7/archival_objects/146293","box 1","folder 15","Pamphlets and reports: Hemlock Leaders Conference - Summary of Significant Changes in Right to Die Laws, Oregon - A Bill for an Act Relating to the Rights of Qualified Patients, State of Washington, House Bill No. 3005, An Act Related to the Natural Death Act, Q\u0026A on Proposition 161 the California Death with Dignity Act, Florida Legislature 1991-1992 - Legislative Bill Information System Publications and On-line Computer Access, Draft - Stop Do Not Resuscitate Order, Document Kit containing Advance Medical Directives for Medical Care and Personal Affairs, Florida Senate 1994-1996.  The California Death with Dignity Act.   11 items."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 15","/repositories/7/archival_objects/146293"],"repository_ssim":["FSU College of Law Research Center"],"collection_ssim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":15,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The Hemlock Society Collection may be consulted by adults engaged in serious research who present a valid ID. Materials may not be removed from the library. Please email law-ref@lists.fsu.edu to request an appointment for access."],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 15"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePamphlets and reports: Hemlock Leaders Conference - Summary of Significant Changes in Right to Die Laws, Oregon - A Bill for an Act Relating to the Rights of Qualified Patients, State of Washington, House Bill No. 3005, An Act Related to the Natural Death Act, Q\u0026amp;A on Proposition 161 the California Death with Dignity Act, Florida Legislature 1991-1992 - Legislative Bill Information System Publications and On-line Computer Access, Draft - Stop Do Not Resuscitate Order, Document Kit containing Advance Medical Directives for Medical Care and Personal Affairs, Florida Senate 1994-1996.  The California Death with Dignity Act.   11 items.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Pamphlets and reports: Hemlock Leaders Conference - Summary of Significant Changes in Right to Die Laws, Oregon - A Bill for an Act Relating to the Rights of Qualified Patients, State of Washington, House Bill No. 3005, An Act Related to the Natural Death Act, Q\u0026A on Proposition 161 the California Death with Dignity Act, Florida Legislature 1991-1992 - Legislative Bill Information System Publications and On-line Computer Access, Draft - Stop Do Not Resuscitate Order, Document Kit containing Advance Medical Directives for Medical Care and Personal Affairs, Florida Senate 1994-1996.  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Please email  law-ref@lists.fsu.edu  to request an appointment for access.","Arranged by box","Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. – A History","1980: Former British journalist Derek Humphry and his wife, Ann Wickett, founded the Hemlock Society in California.  1988: The Society relocated its office to Eugene, Oregon, where it remained until the early 1990s when it moved to Denver, Colorado.","In England, Humphry had helped his first wife, Jean, hasten her painful death from cancer. (This story is told in Mr. Humphry's book, Jean's Way.)  He hoped to promote dignity and autonomy in dying through his writing.  He chose to live in the United States because of its Constitution's freedom-of-speech clause.  Other countries lacked this protection.","The name 'Hemlock' was selected in the light of the suicide of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates who had to choose between a sentence of death or exile; after debate with colleagues, and unable to bear the loneliness of exile, he chose suicide by a drink laced with the hemlock plant. It was Socrates' careful consideration of his choices that inspired the American organization.","Hemlock attracted widespread, growing interest and local groups nationwide began meeting to discuss end-of-life issues.","1987: The first Florida chapter, Suncoast Hemlock, was organized by Nan and Walt Billings, Sue Mueller and like-minded Sarasota friends.  Nan liaisoned with the Hemlock Society in Denver (often referred to as \"National\") and helped organize chapters in Clearwater, Fort Myers, Naples, Sun City Center, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton and Melbourne.  Representatives from all these grass-roots groups gathered periodically to share information and coordinate activities. In April 1994, these groups unified and incorporated as the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc.","Nan Billings served as its first president, until January 1996.  Mary Bennett Hudson (Fort Lauderdale) succeeded her and served until January 2002 when the Board elected Donna Klamm, of West Melbourne. Donna continues as president today.","1997: In order to fund legislative efforts to defeat old laws against choice in dying, National Hemlock formed a separate 501(c)(4) membership corporation to which members paid their non-tax-deductible dues.  The Hemlock / Florida Board followed suit by establishing the Patients' Rights Organization of Florida, Inc. (PRO-FL) with the same tax designation and membership dues responsibility.","Presidents of PRO-FL were attorney John Lees (Melbourne) followed in April 1998 by Dr. Cecil McIver, succeeded by Mary Bennett Hudson.","1998:  Hemlock USA started the Caring Friends Program.  All over the United States trained volunteers counseled terminally ill people on how to hasten death, if that was their wish.","2000: PRO-FL officially changed its name to the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. Everything else about it (tax designation, membership dues) remained the same.  Simultaneously, the Hemlock Foundation of Florida, Inc. was formed as a 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to charitable and educational purposes and funded by tax-deductible donations. Both these corporations have since comprised the Florida organizations and remain so for our independent organization today.","2004: New leadership at the national level disliked the name \"Hemlock\" so they began a search for a new name. After extensive deliberation and research, the national office became End-of-Life Choices. State chapters were urged to do likewise. We became End-of-Life Choices Florida.","2005: In January, End-of-Life Choices (\"National\") merged with the Oregon-based organization, Compassion in Dying.  This merger eventually culminated as Compassion \u0026 Choices (C\u0026C), which now occupies the former Denver office of Hemlock USA.","Some state chapters changed their names again to Compassion and Choices New York etc. Other chapters closed, became dormant, remained End-of-Life Choices, or in several cases, retained the original Hemlock name. The Florida organization decided not to sign on as an affiliate of Compassion \u0026 Choices and changed its name back to the Hemlock Society of Florida. The Hemlock Society of Florida set out to remain an independent right-to-die organization.","Several former Hemlock national board members formed a new national group named Final Exit Network. The main thrust of this organization is to counsel mentally competent, terminally ill individuals who wish to self-deliver.","2006: January:  The Hemlock Society of Florida Inc. continues as an independent advocate for dignity and freedom of choice at the end of life. The Hemlock Society of San Diego and Hemlock of Illinois also continue as local chapters and retain the Hemlock name.","2010: The Hemlock Society of Florida hired an executive director, the first paid staff for the organization. The executive director worked with the Hemlock Society of Florida state board to redesign Hemlock's website, increase its membership and fundraising and raise its visibility as a longtime principled and respected advocate for the right-to-die with dignity. The executive director resigned and was not replaced.","2013: There are no longer any active chapters within Florida. The board of directors decided to discontinue individual memberships and rely on the generous donations of friends and supporters.","Note written by Patricia Bingham-Harper","These various publications from the Hemlock Society, cover a time period from about 1985 until 2012. It includes an extensive collection of newsletters, brochures, correspondence and meeting notes.","The Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(4) right-to-die organization registered within the State of Florida.  This collection includes various publications from the Hemlock Society of Florida and U.S. Hemlock Society papers, also newsletters, newspaper clippings, correspondence, meeting notes, court cases and documents.","FSU College of Law Research Center","Hemlock Society of Florida","English"],"unitid_tesim":["04.14-001","/repositories/7/resources/1110"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1985 - 2012"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"collection_title_tesim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"collection_ssim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"repository_ssm":["FSU College of Law Research Center"],"repository_ssim":["FSU College of Law Research Center"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Right to die."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Right to die."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.00 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.00 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Hemlock Society Collection may be consulted by adults engaged in serious research who present a valid ID. Materials may not be removed from the library. Please email \u003ca href=\"mailto:mailto:law-earchives@lists.fsu.edu\"\u003elaw-ref@lists.fsu.edu\u003c/a\u003e to request an appointment for access.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The Hemlock Society Collection may be consulted by adults engaged in serious research who present a valid ID. Materials may not be removed from the library. Please email  law-ref@lists.fsu.edu  to request an appointment for access."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged by box\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged by box"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHemlock Society of Florida, Inc. \u0026#x2013; A History\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1980: Former British journalist Derek Humphry and his wife, Ann Wickett, founded the Hemlock Society in California.  1988: The Society relocated its office to Eugene, Oregon, where it remained until the early 1990s when it moved to Denver, Colorado.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn England, Humphry had helped his first wife, Jean, hasten her painful death from cancer. (This story is told in Mr. Humphry's book, Jean's Way.)  He hoped to promote dignity and autonomy in dying through his writing.  He chose to live in the United States because of its Constitution's freedom-of-speech clause.  Other countries lacked this protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe name 'Hemlock' was selected in the light of the suicide of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates who had to choose between a sentence of death or exile; after debate with colleagues, and unable to bear the loneliness of exile, he chose suicide by a drink laced with the hemlock plant. It was Socrates' careful consideration of his choices that inspired the American organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHemlock attracted widespread, growing interest and local groups nationwide began meeting to discuss end-of-life issues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1987: The first Florida chapter, Suncoast Hemlock, was organized by Nan and Walt Billings, Sue Mueller and like-minded Sarasota friends.  Nan liaisoned with the Hemlock Society in Denver (often referred to as \"National\") and helped organize chapters in Clearwater, Fort Myers, Naples, Sun City Center, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton and Melbourne.  Representatives from all these grass-roots groups gathered periodically to share information and coordinate activities. In April 1994, these groups unified and incorporated as the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNan Billings served as its first president, until January 1996.  Mary Bennett Hudson (Fort Lauderdale) succeeded her and served until January 2002 when the Board elected Donna Klamm, of West Melbourne. Donna continues as president today.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1997: In order to fund legislative efforts to defeat old laws against choice in dying, National Hemlock formed a separate 501(c)(4) membership corporation to which members paid their non-tax-deductible dues.  The Hemlock / Florida Board followed suit by establishing the Patients' Rights Organization of Florida, Inc. (PRO-FL) with the same tax designation and membership dues responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePresidents of PRO-FL were attorney John Lees (Melbourne) followed in April 1998 by Dr. Cecil McIver, succeeded by Mary Bennett Hudson.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1998:  Hemlock USA started the Caring Friends Program.  All over the United States trained volunteers counseled terminally ill people on how to hasten death, if that was their wish.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2000: PRO-FL officially changed its name to the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. Everything else about it (tax designation, membership dues) remained the same.  Simultaneously, the Hemlock Foundation of Florida, Inc. was formed as a 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to charitable and educational purposes and funded by tax-deductible donations. Both these corporations have since comprised the Florida organizations and remain so for our independent organization today.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2004: New leadership at the national level disliked the name \"Hemlock\" so they began a search for a new name. After extensive deliberation and research, the national office became End-of-Life Choices. State chapters were urged to do likewise. We became End-of-Life Choices Florida.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2005: In January, End-of-Life Choices (\"National\") merged with the Oregon-based organization, Compassion in Dying.  This merger eventually culminated as Compassion \u0026amp; Choices (C\u0026amp;C), which now occupies the former Denver office of Hemlock USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome state chapters changed their names again to Compassion and Choices New York etc. Other chapters closed, became dormant, remained End-of-Life Choices, or in several cases, retained the original Hemlock name. The Florida organization decided not to sign on as an affiliate of Compassion \u0026amp; Choices and changed its name back to the Hemlock Society of Florida. The Hemlock Society of Florida set out to remain an independent right-to-die organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeveral former Hemlock national board members formed a new national group named Final Exit Network. The main thrust of this organization is to counsel mentally competent, terminally ill individuals who wish to self-deliver.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2006: January:  The Hemlock Society of Florida Inc. continues as an independent advocate for dignity and freedom of choice at the end of life. The Hemlock Society of San Diego and Hemlock of Illinois also continue as local chapters and retain the Hemlock name.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2010: The Hemlock Society of Florida hired an executive director, the first paid staff for the organization. The executive director worked with the Hemlock Society of Florida state board to redesign Hemlock's website, increase its membership and fundraising and raise its visibility as a longtime principled and respected advocate for the right-to-die with dignity. The executive director resigned and was not replaced.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2013: There are no longer any active chapters within Florida. The board of directors decided to discontinue individual memberships and rely on the generous donations of friends and supporters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Patricia Bingham-Harper\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. – A History","1980: Former British journalist Derek Humphry and his wife, Ann Wickett, founded the Hemlock Society in California.  1988: The Society relocated its office to Eugene, Oregon, where it remained until the early 1990s when it moved to Denver, Colorado.","In England, Humphry had helped his first wife, Jean, hasten her painful death from cancer. (This story is told in Mr. Humphry's book, Jean's Way.)  He hoped to promote dignity and autonomy in dying through his writing.  He chose to live in the United States because of its Constitution's freedom-of-speech clause.  Other countries lacked this protection.","The name 'Hemlock' was selected in the light of the suicide of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates who had to choose between a sentence of death or exile; after debate with colleagues, and unable to bear the loneliness of exile, he chose suicide by a drink laced with the hemlock plant. It was Socrates' careful consideration of his choices that inspired the American organization.","Hemlock attracted widespread, growing interest and local groups nationwide began meeting to discuss end-of-life issues.","1987: The first Florida chapter, Suncoast Hemlock, was organized by Nan and Walt Billings, Sue Mueller and like-minded Sarasota friends.  Nan liaisoned with the Hemlock Society in Denver (often referred to as \"National\") and helped organize chapters in Clearwater, Fort Myers, Naples, Sun City Center, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton and Melbourne.  Representatives from all these grass-roots groups gathered periodically to share information and coordinate activities. In April 1994, these groups unified and incorporated as the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc.","Nan Billings served as its first president, until January 1996.  Mary Bennett Hudson (Fort Lauderdale) succeeded her and served until January 2002 when the Board elected Donna Klamm, of West Melbourne. Donna continues as president today.","1997: In order to fund legislative efforts to defeat old laws against choice in dying, National Hemlock formed a separate 501(c)(4) membership corporation to which members paid their non-tax-deductible dues.  The Hemlock / Florida Board followed suit by establishing the Patients' Rights Organization of Florida, Inc. (PRO-FL) with the same tax designation and membership dues responsibility.","Presidents of PRO-FL were attorney John Lees (Melbourne) followed in April 1998 by Dr. Cecil McIver, succeeded by Mary Bennett Hudson.","1998:  Hemlock USA started the Caring Friends Program.  All over the United States trained volunteers counseled terminally ill people on how to hasten death, if that was their wish.","2000: PRO-FL officially changed its name to the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. Everything else about it (tax designation, membership dues) remained the same.  Simultaneously, the Hemlock Foundation of Florida, Inc. was formed as a 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to charitable and educational purposes and funded by tax-deductible donations. Both these corporations have since comprised the Florida organizations and remain so for our independent organization today.","2004: New leadership at the national level disliked the name \"Hemlock\" so they began a search for a new name. After extensive deliberation and research, the national office became End-of-Life Choices. State chapters were urged to do likewise. We became End-of-Life Choices Florida.","2005: In January, End-of-Life Choices (\"National\") merged with the Oregon-based organization, Compassion in Dying.  This merger eventually culminated as Compassion \u0026 Choices (C\u0026C), which now occupies the former Denver office of Hemlock USA.","Some state chapters changed their names again to Compassion and Choices New York etc. Other chapters closed, became dormant, remained End-of-Life Choices, or in several cases, retained the original Hemlock name. The Florida organization decided not to sign on as an affiliate of Compassion \u0026 Choices and changed its name back to the Hemlock Society of Florida. The Hemlock Society of Florida set out to remain an independent right-to-die organization.","Several former Hemlock national board members formed a new national group named Final Exit Network. The main thrust of this organization is to counsel mentally competent, terminally ill individuals who wish to self-deliver.","2006: January:  The Hemlock Society of Florida Inc. continues as an independent advocate for dignity and freedom of choice at the end of life. The Hemlock Society of San Diego and Hemlock of Illinois also continue as local chapters and retain the Hemlock name.","2010: The Hemlock Society of Florida hired an executive director, the first paid staff for the organization. The executive director worked with the Hemlock Society of Florida state board to redesign Hemlock's website, increase its membership and fundraising and raise its visibility as a longtime principled and respected advocate for the right-to-die with dignity. The executive director resigned and was not replaced.","2013: There are no longer any active chapters within Florida. The board of directors decided to discontinue individual memberships and rely on the generous donations of friends and supporters.","Note written by Patricia Bingham-Harper"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese various publications from the Hemlock Society, cover a time period from about 1985 until 2012. It includes an extensive collection of newsletters, brochures, correspondence and meeting notes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These various publications from the Hemlock Society, cover a time period from about 1985 until 2012. It includes an extensive collection of newsletters, brochures, correspondence and meeting notes."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_1c86d04e6f8eaf3eea485a1d5ab1c872\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(4) right-to-die organization registered within the State of Florida.\u0026#xA0; This collection includes various publications from the Hemlock Society of Florida and U.S. Hemlock Society papers, also newsletters, newspaper clippings, correspondence, meeting notes, court cases and documents.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(4) right-to-die organization registered within the State of Florida.  This collection includes various publications from the Hemlock Society of Florida and U.S. Hemlock Society papers, also newsletters, newspaper clippings, correspondence, meeting notes, court cases and documents."],"names_coll_ssim":["Hemlock Society of Florida"],"names_ssim":["FSU College of Law Research Center","Hemlock Society of Florida"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU College of Law Research Center","Hemlock Society of Florida"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":258,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297","timestamp":"2026-04-21T02:31:14.648Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160193"}},{"id":"070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582_aspace_8261e279977b26bd4a27322f8d78d683","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"1991-1996","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582_aspace_8261e279977b26bd4a27322f8d78d683#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_8261e279977b26bd4a27322f8d78d683","ref_ssm":["aspace_8261e279977b26bd4a27322f8d78d683","aspace_8261e279977b26bd4a27322f8d78d683"],"id":"070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582_aspace_8261e279977b26bd4a27322f8d78d683","title_filing_ssi":"1991-1996","title_ssm":["1991-1996"],"title_tesim":["1991-1996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1991-1996"],"text":["1991-1996","Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009","/repositories/10/archival_objects/221906","box 24"],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/10/archival_objects/221906"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":24,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright restrictions may apply to works in this collection. Re-use or copying beyond Fair Use may require permission from the rights-holder. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information."],"containers_ssim":["box 24"],"_nest_path_":"/components#23","_nest_parent_":"070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582","_root_":"070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582","timestamp":"2026-07-11T04:56:51.720Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582","title_ssm":["Florida State University Bulletins"],"title_tesim":["Florida State University Bulletins"],"ead_ssi":"070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582","unitdate_ssm":["1880-2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1880-2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["HUA 2021-012","/repositories/10/resources/1832"],"text":["HUA 2021-012","/repositories/10/resources/1832","Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009","This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.","Date accessioned: 2021/03/24","Starting in 1880, the FSU Bulletins contain rules for students, department and course descriptions, schedule of classes, as well as war-time campus defense initiatives, illustrated guides to campus, and advice for incoming freshman.","http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:fsubulletins","Copyright restrictions may apply to works in this collection. Re-use or copying beyond Fair Use may require permission from the rights-holder. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","English"],"unitid_tesim":["HUA 2021-012","/repositories/10/resources/1832"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1880-2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009"],"collection_ssim":["Florida State University Bulletins, 1880-2009"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright restrictions may apply to works in this collection. Re-use or copying beyond Fair Use may require permission from the rights-holder. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["33 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["33 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. ","This collection is in an offsite storage location. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu with requests for access or for more information."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDate accessioned: 2021/03/24\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Date accessioned: 2021/03/24"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFlorida State University Bulletins, HUA 2021-014, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/HUA-2021-012\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Florida State University Bulletins, HUA 2021-014, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/HUA-2021-012"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStarting in 1880, the FSU Bulletins contain rules for students, department and course descriptions, schedule of classes, as well as war-time campus defense initiatives, illustrated guides to campus, and advice for incoming freshman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:fsubulletins\"\u003ehttp://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:fsubulletins\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Online Copies Available"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Starting in 1880, the FSU Bulletins contain rules for students, department and course descriptions, schedule of classes, as well as war-time campus defense initiatives, illustrated guides to campus, and advice for incoming freshman.","http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:fsubulletins"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright restrictions may apply to works in this collection. Re-use or copying beyond Fair Use may require permission from the rights-holder. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright restrictions may apply to works in this collection. Re-use or copying beyond Fair Use may require permission from the rights-holder. Please contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information."],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":29,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582","timestamp":"2026-07-11T04:56:51.720Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/070bdf378c8dc7f427ea7582_aspace_8261e279977b26bd4a27322f8d78d683"}},{"id":"65675f74ccda9442057b96d0_aspace_55983","type":"Box","attributes":{"title":"1991-2","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/65675f74ccda9442057b96d0_aspace_55983#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_55983","ref_ssm":["aspace_55983","aspace_55983"],"id":"65675f74ccda9442057b96d0_aspace_55983","title_filing_ssi":"1991-2","title_ssm":["1991-2"],"title_tesim":["1991-2"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1991-2"],"text":["1991-2","Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996","246","/repositories/2/archival_objects/67793","box 246"],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["65675f74ccda9442057b96d0"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["246","/repositories/2/archival_objects/67793"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":21,"level_ssm":["Box"],"level_ssim":["Box"],"sort_isi":5697,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"containers_ssim":["box 246"],"_nest_path_":"/components#245","_nest_parent_":"65675f74ccda9442057b96d0","_root_":"65675f74ccda9442057b96d0","_version_":1881013055886721024,"timestamp":"2026-11-05T10:17:19.988Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"65675f74ccda9442057b96d0","title_ssm":["Sam Gibbons collection"],"title_tesim":["Sam Gibbons collection"],"ead_ssi":"65675f74ccda9442057b96d0","unitdate_ssm":["1940-2000","1960-1996","1996"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1940-2000"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1996"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-1996-02","/repositories/2/resources/378"],"text":["MS-1996-02","/repositories/2/resources/378","Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996","Florida -- Politics and government","Tampa (Fla.) -- Politics and government","Tampa Bay Region (Fla.) -- History","University of South Florida -- History","No restrictions.","Chronologically, broken up by committee and subject. The year and number code assigned to each box denotes the year in which papers were filed by Gibbons' office. Years on documents within the box may not reflect the year of filing.","Sam M. Gibbons was born in Tampa Florida in 1920. His tenure in law school was interrupted by World War II, when he volunteered for the Army, and later for duty as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division. He served with distinction and in 1951 Gibbons was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, where he drafted the bill founding the University of South Florida in Hillsborough County. He founded USF's Foundation and served as its first president, expanded the City of Tampa by annexing suburbs, founded the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and began programs to save the state money and prevent corruption. He joined the Florida Senate in 1958, serving one term before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1962.  Gibbons died in Tampa in 2012.","As a member of Congress, Gibbons became known as a moderate democrat interested in free trade and tax reform. He joined Congress in time to vote for the land mark civil rights bill, Medicare, President Johnson's War on Poverty, and to vote for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving the president the power to wage war in Vietnam, a vote he came to regret. He funneled Urban Renewal funds into Tampa's crumbling inner city. In 1969, he joined the influential Ways and Means Committee, where he would sit until his retirement in 1996, spending much attention on the Subcommittee on Trade. He put his free trade beliefs into action with the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), passing two versions in the 1980s. He retired in 1996 after a stormy stint as the voice of opposition to the new Republican majority. During and after his career, he repeatedly called for the U.S. to lift its trade embargo against Cuba.","Primarily covers his years in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1962-1996.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information.","USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Gibbons, Sam M. (Sam Melville), 1920-2012","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-1996-02","/repositories/2/resources/378"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996"],"collection_title_tesim":["Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996"],"collection_ssim":["Sam Gibbons collection, 1940-2000, 1996, bulk 1960-1996"],"repository_ssm":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Florida -- Politics and government","Tampa (Fla.) -- Politics and government","Tampa Bay Region (Fla.) -- History"],"geogname_ssim":["Florida -- Politics and government","Tampa (Fla.) -- Politics and government","Tampa Bay Region (Fla.) -- History"],"creator_ssm":["Gibbons, Sam M. (Sam Melville), 1920-2012"],"creator_ssim":["Gibbons, Sam M. (Sam Melville), 1920-2012"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Gibbons, Sam M. (Sam Melville), 1920-2012"],"creators_ssim":["Gibbons, Sam M. (Sam Melville), 1920-2012"],"places_ssim":["Florida -- Politics and government","Tampa (Fla.) -- Politics and government","Tampa Bay Region (Fla.) -- History"],"access_terms_ssm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Sam Gibbons and Gibbons family, U.S. House of Representatives","Donation."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of South Florida -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of South Florida -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["504.02 Linear Feet","370 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["504.02 Linear Feet","370 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eChronologically, broken up by committee and subject. The year and number code assigned to each box denotes the year in which papers were filed by Gibbons' office. Years on documents within the box may not reflect the year of filing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Chronologically, broken up by committee and subject. The year and number code assigned to each box denotes the year in which papers were filed by Gibbons' office. Years on documents within the box may not reflect the year of filing."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSam M. Gibbons was born in Tampa Florida in 1920. His tenure in law school was interrupted by World War II, when he volunteered for the Army, and later for duty as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division. He served with distinction and in 1951 Gibbons was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, where he drafted the bill founding the University of South Florida in Hillsborough County. He founded USF's Foundation and served as its first president, expanded the City of Tampa by annexing suburbs, founded the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and began programs to save the state money and prevent corruption. He joined the Florida Senate in 1958, serving one term before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1962.\u0026#xA0; Gibbons died in Tampa in 2012.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs a member of Congress, Gibbons became known as a moderate democrat interested in free trade and tax reform. He joined Congress in time to vote for the land mark civil rights bill, Medicare, President Johnson's War on Poverty, and to vote for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving the president the power to wage war in Vietnam, a vote he came to regret. He funneled Urban Renewal funds into Tampa's crumbling inner city. In 1969, he joined the influential Ways and Means Committee, where he would sit until his retirement in 1996, spending much attention on the Subcommittee on Trade. He put his free trade beliefs into action with the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), passing two versions in the 1980s. He retired in 1996 after a stormy stint as the voice of opposition to the new Republican majority. During and after his career, he repeatedly called for the U.S. to lift its trade embargo against Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sam M. Gibbons was born in Tampa Florida in 1920. His tenure in law school was interrupted by World War II, when he volunteered for the Army, and later for duty as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division. He served with distinction and in 1951 Gibbons was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, where he drafted the bill founding the University of South Florida in Hillsborough County. He founded USF's Foundation and served as its first president, expanded the City of Tampa by annexing suburbs, founded the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and began programs to save the state money and prevent corruption. He joined the Florida Senate in 1958, serving one term before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1962.  Gibbons died in Tampa in 2012.","As a member of Congress, Gibbons became known as a moderate democrat interested in free trade and tax reform. He joined Congress in time to vote for the land mark civil rights bill, Medicare, President Johnson's War on Poverty, and to vote for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving the president the power to wage war in Vietnam, a vote he came to regret. He funneled Urban Renewal funds into Tampa's crumbling inner city. In 1969, he joined the influential Ways and Means Committee, where he would sit until his retirement in 1996, spending much attention on the Subcommittee on Trade. He put his free trade beliefs into action with the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), passing two versions in the 1980s. He retired in 1996 after a stormy stint as the voice of opposition to the new Republican majority. During and after his career, he repeatedly called for the U.S. to lift its trade embargo against Cuba."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrimarily covers his years in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1962-1996.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Primarily covers his years in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1962-1996."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u0026#xA0;The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.\u0026#xA0; Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at \u003cextref href=\"http://www.copyright.gov/\"\u003ehttp://www.copyright.gov/\u003c/extref\u003e for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Gibbons, Sam M. (Sam Melville), 1920-2012"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Gibbons, Sam M. (Sam Melville), 1920-2012"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":8166,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1881013055886721024,"_root_":"65675f74ccda9442057b96d0","timestamp":"2026-11-05T10:17:19.988Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/65675f74ccda9442057b96d0_aspace_55983"}},{"id":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160186","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1991, 2002","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160186#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eAssisted suicide? Pain Control? Where's the line? The Roper Poll of the West Coast 1991. 2 items.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160186#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_160186","ref_ssm":["aspace_160186","aspace_160186"],"id":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297_aspace_160186","unitdate_other_ssim":["1991, 2002"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1991, 2002"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1991, 2002"],"text":["1991, 2002","Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012","Folder 8","/repositories/7/archival_objects/146286","box 1","folder 8","Assisted suicide? Pain Control? Where's the line? The Roper Poll of the West Coast 1991. 2 items."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 8","/repositories/7/archival_objects/146286"],"repository_ssim":["FSU College of Law Research Center"],"collection_ssim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":8,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The Hemlock Society Collection may be consulted by adults engaged in serious research who present a valid ID. Materials may not be removed from the library. Please email law-ref@lists.fsu.edu to request an appointment for access."],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 8"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAssisted suicide? Pain Control? Where's the line? The Roper Poll of the West Coast 1991. 2 items.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Assisted suicide? Pain Control? Where's the line? The Roper Poll of the West Coast 1991. 2 items."],"_nest_path_":"/components#7","_nest_parent_":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297","_root_":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297","timestamp":"2026-04-21T02:31:14.648Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297","title_ssm":["Hemlock Society Papers"],"title_tesim":["Hemlock Society Papers"],"ead_ssi":"4e46868e4abfdc952d04e297","unitdate_ssm":["1985 - 2012"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1985 - 2012"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["04.14-001","/repositories/7/resources/1110"],"text":["04.14-001","/repositories/7/resources/1110","Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012","Right to die.","The Hemlock Society Collection may be consulted by adults engaged in serious research who present a valid ID. Materials may not be removed from the library. Please email  law-ref@lists.fsu.edu  to request an appointment for access.","Arranged by box","Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. – A History","1980: Former British journalist Derek Humphry and his wife, Ann Wickett, founded the Hemlock Society in California.  1988: The Society relocated its office to Eugene, Oregon, where it remained until the early 1990s when it moved to Denver, Colorado.","In England, Humphry had helped his first wife, Jean, hasten her painful death from cancer. (This story is told in Mr. Humphry's book, Jean's Way.)  He hoped to promote dignity and autonomy in dying through his writing.  He chose to live in the United States because of its Constitution's freedom-of-speech clause.  Other countries lacked this protection.","The name 'Hemlock' was selected in the light of the suicide of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates who had to choose between a sentence of death or exile; after debate with colleagues, and unable to bear the loneliness of exile, he chose suicide by a drink laced with the hemlock plant. It was Socrates' careful consideration of his choices that inspired the American organization.","Hemlock attracted widespread, growing interest and local groups nationwide began meeting to discuss end-of-life issues.","1987: The first Florida chapter, Suncoast Hemlock, was organized by Nan and Walt Billings, Sue Mueller and like-minded Sarasota friends.  Nan liaisoned with the Hemlock Society in Denver (often referred to as \"National\") and helped organize chapters in Clearwater, Fort Myers, Naples, Sun City Center, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton and Melbourne.  Representatives from all these grass-roots groups gathered periodically to share information and coordinate activities. In April 1994, these groups unified and incorporated as the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc.","Nan Billings served as its first president, until January 1996.  Mary Bennett Hudson (Fort Lauderdale) succeeded her and served until January 2002 when the Board elected Donna Klamm, of West Melbourne. Donna continues as president today.","1997: In order to fund legislative efforts to defeat old laws against choice in dying, National Hemlock formed a separate 501(c)(4) membership corporation to which members paid their non-tax-deductible dues.  The Hemlock / Florida Board followed suit by establishing the Patients' Rights Organization of Florida, Inc. (PRO-FL) with the same tax designation and membership dues responsibility.","Presidents of PRO-FL were attorney John Lees (Melbourne) followed in April 1998 by Dr. Cecil McIver, succeeded by Mary Bennett Hudson.","1998:  Hemlock USA started the Caring Friends Program.  All over the United States trained volunteers counseled terminally ill people on how to hasten death, if that was their wish.","2000: PRO-FL officially changed its name to the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. Everything else about it (tax designation, membership dues) remained the same.  Simultaneously, the Hemlock Foundation of Florida, Inc. was formed as a 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to charitable and educational purposes and funded by tax-deductible donations. Both these corporations have since comprised the Florida organizations and remain so for our independent organization today.","2004: New leadership at the national level disliked the name \"Hemlock\" so they began a search for a new name. After extensive deliberation and research, the national office became End-of-Life Choices. State chapters were urged to do likewise. We became End-of-Life Choices Florida.","2005: In January, End-of-Life Choices (\"National\") merged with the Oregon-based organization, Compassion in Dying.  This merger eventually culminated as Compassion \u0026 Choices (C\u0026C), which now occupies the former Denver office of Hemlock USA.","Some state chapters changed their names again to Compassion and Choices New York etc. Other chapters closed, became dormant, remained End-of-Life Choices, or in several cases, retained the original Hemlock name. The Florida organization decided not to sign on as an affiliate of Compassion \u0026 Choices and changed its name back to the Hemlock Society of Florida. The Hemlock Society of Florida set out to remain an independent right-to-die organization.","Several former Hemlock national board members formed a new national group named Final Exit Network. The main thrust of this organization is to counsel mentally competent, terminally ill individuals who wish to self-deliver.","2006: January:  The Hemlock Society of Florida Inc. continues as an independent advocate for dignity and freedom of choice at the end of life. The Hemlock Society of San Diego and Hemlock of Illinois also continue as local chapters and retain the Hemlock name.","2010: The Hemlock Society of Florida hired an executive director, the first paid staff for the organization. The executive director worked with the Hemlock Society of Florida state board to redesign Hemlock's website, increase its membership and fundraising and raise its visibility as a longtime principled and respected advocate for the right-to-die with dignity. The executive director resigned and was not replaced.","2013: There are no longer any active chapters within Florida. The board of directors decided to discontinue individual memberships and rely on the generous donations of friends and supporters.","Note written by Patricia Bingham-Harper","These various publications from the Hemlock Society, cover a time period from about 1985 until 2012. It includes an extensive collection of newsletters, brochures, correspondence and meeting notes.","The Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. is an independent, non-profit 501(c)(4) right-to-die organization registered within the State of Florida.  This collection includes various publications from the Hemlock Society of Florida and U.S. Hemlock Society papers, also newsletters, newspaper clippings, correspondence, meeting notes, court cases and documents.","FSU College of Law Research Center","Hemlock Society of Florida","English"],"unitid_tesim":["04.14-001","/repositories/7/resources/1110"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1985 - 2012"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"collection_title_tesim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"collection_ssim":["Hemlock Society Papers, 1985 - 2012"],"repository_ssm":["FSU College of Law Research Center"],"repository_ssim":["FSU College of Law Research Center"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Right to die."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Right to die."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.00 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["10.00 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Hemlock Society Collection may be consulted by adults engaged in serious research who present a valid ID. Materials may not be removed from the library. Please email \u003ca href=\"mailto:mailto:law-earchives@lists.fsu.edu\"\u003elaw-ref@lists.fsu.edu\u003c/a\u003e to request an appointment for access.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The Hemlock Society Collection may be consulted by adults engaged in serious research who present a valid ID. Materials may not be removed from the library. Please email  law-ref@lists.fsu.edu  to request an appointment for access."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged by box\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged by box"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHemlock Society of Florida, Inc. \u0026#x2013; A History\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1980: Former British journalist Derek Humphry and his wife, Ann Wickett, founded the Hemlock Society in California.  1988: The Society relocated its office to Eugene, Oregon, where it remained until the early 1990s when it moved to Denver, Colorado.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn England, Humphry had helped his first wife, Jean, hasten her painful death from cancer. (This story is told in Mr. Humphry's book, Jean's Way.)  He hoped to promote dignity and autonomy in dying through his writing.  He chose to live in the United States because of its Constitution's freedom-of-speech clause.  Other countries lacked this protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe name 'Hemlock' was selected in the light of the suicide of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates who had to choose between a sentence of death or exile; after debate with colleagues, and unable to bear the loneliness of exile, he chose suicide by a drink laced with the hemlock plant. It was Socrates' careful consideration of his choices that inspired the American organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHemlock attracted widespread, growing interest and local groups nationwide began meeting to discuss end-of-life issues.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1987: The first Florida chapter, Suncoast Hemlock, was organized by Nan and Walt Billings, Sue Mueller and like-minded Sarasota friends.  Nan liaisoned with the Hemlock Society in Denver (often referred to as \"National\") and helped organize chapters in Clearwater, Fort Myers, Naples, Sun City Center, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton and Melbourne.  Representatives from all these grass-roots groups gathered periodically to share information and coordinate activities. In April 1994, these groups unified and incorporated as the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNan Billings served as its first president, until January 1996.  Mary Bennett Hudson (Fort Lauderdale) succeeded her and served until January 2002 when the Board elected Donna Klamm, of West Melbourne. Donna continues as president today.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1997: In order to fund legislative efforts to defeat old laws against choice in dying, National Hemlock formed a separate 501(c)(4) membership corporation to which members paid their non-tax-deductible dues.  The Hemlock / Florida Board followed suit by establishing the Patients' Rights Organization of Florida, Inc. (PRO-FL) with the same tax designation and membership dues responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePresidents of PRO-FL were attorney John Lees (Melbourne) followed in April 1998 by Dr. Cecil McIver, succeeded by Mary Bennett Hudson.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1998:  Hemlock USA started the Caring Friends Program.  All over the United States trained volunteers counseled terminally ill people on how to hasten death, if that was their wish.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2000: PRO-FL officially changed its name to the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. Everything else about it (tax designation, membership dues) remained the same.  Simultaneously, the Hemlock Foundation of Florida, Inc. was formed as a 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to charitable and educational purposes and funded by tax-deductible donations. Both these corporations have since comprised the Florida organizations and remain so for our independent organization today.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2004: New leadership at the national level disliked the name \"Hemlock\" so they began a search for a new name. After extensive deliberation and research, the national office became End-of-Life Choices. State chapters were urged to do likewise. We became End-of-Life Choices Florida.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2005: In January, End-of-Life Choices (\"National\") merged with the Oregon-based organization, Compassion in Dying.  This merger eventually culminated as Compassion \u0026amp; Choices (C\u0026amp;C), which now occupies the former Denver office of Hemlock USA.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSome state chapters changed their names again to Compassion and Choices New York etc. Other chapters closed, became dormant, remained End-of-Life Choices, or in several cases, retained the original Hemlock name. The Florida organization decided not to sign on as an affiliate of Compassion \u0026amp; Choices and changed its name back to the Hemlock Society of Florida. The Hemlock Society of Florida set out to remain an independent right-to-die organization.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeveral former Hemlock national board members formed a new national group named Final Exit Network. The main thrust of this organization is to counsel mentally competent, terminally ill individuals who wish to self-deliver.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2006: January:  The Hemlock Society of Florida Inc. continues as an independent advocate for dignity and freedom of choice at the end of life. The Hemlock Society of San Diego and Hemlock of Illinois also continue as local chapters and retain the Hemlock name.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2010: The Hemlock Society of Florida hired an executive director, the first paid staff for the organization. The executive director worked with the Hemlock Society of Florida state board to redesign Hemlock's website, increase its membership and fundraising and raise its visibility as a longtime principled and respected advocate for the right-to-die with dignity. The executive director resigned and was not replaced.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2013: There are no longer any active chapters within Florida. The board of directors decided to discontinue individual memberships and rely on the generous donations of friends and supporters.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Patricia Bingham-Harper\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. – A History","1980: Former British journalist Derek Humphry and his wife, Ann Wickett, founded the Hemlock Society in California.  1988: The Society relocated its office to Eugene, Oregon, where it remained until the early 1990s when it moved to Denver, Colorado.","In England, Humphry had helped his first wife, Jean, hasten her painful death from cancer. (This story is told in Mr. Humphry's book, Jean's Way.)  He hoped to promote dignity and autonomy in dying through his writing.  He chose to live in the United States because of its Constitution's freedom-of-speech clause.  Other countries lacked this protection.","The name 'Hemlock' was selected in the light of the suicide of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates who had to choose between a sentence of death or exile; after debate with colleagues, and unable to bear the loneliness of exile, he chose suicide by a drink laced with the hemlock plant. It was Socrates' careful consideration of his choices that inspired the American organization.","Hemlock attracted widespread, growing interest and local groups nationwide began meeting to discuss end-of-life issues.","1987: The first Florida chapter, Suncoast Hemlock, was organized by Nan and Walt Billings, Sue Mueller and like-minded Sarasota friends.  Nan liaisoned with the Hemlock Society in Denver (often referred to as \"National\") and helped organize chapters in Clearwater, Fort Myers, Naples, Sun City Center, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton and Melbourne.  Representatives from all these grass-roots groups gathered periodically to share information and coordinate activities. In April 1994, these groups unified and incorporated as the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc.","Nan Billings served as its first president, until January 1996.  Mary Bennett Hudson (Fort Lauderdale) succeeded her and served until January 2002 when the Board elected Donna Klamm, of West Melbourne. Donna continues as president today.","1997: In order to fund legislative efforts to defeat old laws against choice in dying, National Hemlock formed a separate 501(c)(4) membership corporation to which members paid their non-tax-deductible dues.  The Hemlock / Florida Board followed suit by establishing the Patients' Rights Organization of Florida, Inc. (PRO-FL) with the same tax designation and membership dues responsibility.","Presidents of PRO-FL were attorney John Lees (Melbourne) followed in April 1998 by Dr. Cecil McIver, succeeded by Mary Bennett Hudson.","1998:  Hemlock USA started the Caring Friends Program.  All over the United States trained volunteers counseled terminally ill people on how to hasten death, if that was their wish.","2000: PRO-FL officially changed its name to the Hemlock Society of Florida, Inc. Everything else about it (tax designation, membership dues) remained the same.  Simultaneously, the Hemlock Foundation of Florida, Inc. was formed as a 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to charitable and educational purposes and funded by tax-deductible donations. Both these corporations have since comprised the Florida organizations and remain so for our independent organization today.","2004: New leadership at the national level disliked the name \"Hemlock\" so they began a search for a new name. After extensive deliberation and research, the national office became End-of-Life Choices. State chapters were urged to do likewise. We became End-of-Life Choices Florida.","2005: In January, End-of-Life Choices (\"National\") merged with the Oregon-based organization, Compassion in Dying.  This merger eventually culminated as Compassion \u0026 Choices (C\u0026C), which now occupies the former Denver office of Hemlock USA.","Some state chapters changed their names again to Compassion and Choices New York etc. Other chapters closed, became dormant, remained End-of-Life Choices, or in several cases, retained the original Hemlock name. The Florida organization decided not to sign on as an affiliate of Compassion \u0026 Choices and changed its name back to the Hemlock Society of Florida. The Hemlock Society of Florida set out to remain an independent right-to-die organization.","Several former Hemlock national board members formed a new national group named Final Exit Network. The main thrust of this organization is to counsel mentally competent, terminally ill individuals who wish to self-deliver.","2006: January:  The Hemlock Society of Florida Inc. continues as an independent advocate for dignity and freedom of choice at the end of life. The Hemlock Society of San Diego and Hemlock of Illinois also continue as local chapters and retain the Hemlock name.","2010: The Hemlock Society of Florida hired an executive director, the first paid staff for the organization. The executive director worked with the Hemlock Society of Florida state board to redesign Hemlock's website, increase its membership and fundraising and raise its visibility as a longtime principled and respected advocate for the right-to-die with dignity. The executive director resigned and was not replaced.","2013: There are no longer any active chapters within Florida. The board of directors decided to discontinue individual memberships and rely on the generous donations of friends and supporters.","Note written by Patricia Bingham-Harper"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese various publications from the Hemlock Society, cover a time period from about 1985 until 2012. It includes an extensive collection of newsletters, brochures, correspondence and meeting notes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These various publications from the Hemlock Society, cover a time period from about 1985 until 2012. 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