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Correspondence, Series II. Professional Papers, Series III. Personal Papers, Series IV. Photographs, Series V. Printed Materials, Series VI. Audio-Visual Materials, Series VII. Awards, and Series VIII. Poster.","Julie Varner Hunter, a leader within the field of librarianship and civil rights, was born on April 5, 1937 in Summerville, South Carolina to parents John Varner, welder and grocery store owner, and Mildred Collins, a homemaker. She was one of eight children. Hunter experienced racism and Ku Klux Klan activities as a young girl such as cross burnings in neighborhood yards and KKK parades through town. She earned her Bachelor's degree in Mathematics with a minor in English from Claflin College (now Claflin University) in Orangeburg, South Carolina, graduating summa cum laude. She joined the student chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and served as president. After college, she worked as a Field Director for the NAACP and organized youth groups in the South from 1960 to 1963. In 1964, Mrs. Hunter attended library school at Atlanta University (now known as Clark Atlanta University). In Atlanta, she met Roy Hunter a professor of Biology at Morehouse College. They married in 1966.","Julie worked as the director of Atlanta University's Trevor Arnett Library after receiving her Masters degree in library science. She furthered her leadership in librarianship by working as the deputy/acting Director of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; Assistant Director of DeKalb County Public Library system in Decatur, Georgia; and the first Director of the Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History at the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library. In 1996, she was promoted to Director of the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library.","Based on her prior experiences at the Auburn Avenue Research Library, Samuel Morrison recruited Julie to become the second director of the African American Research Library and Cultural Center (AARLCC). Her appointment began in September 2002. Julie strengthened AARLCC's collections and programs, championing the preservation and access of Black history and culture in South Florida. She coordinated the Ashley Bryan Art Series Conference with children's book illustrator Ashley Bryan and librarian and educator, Dr. Henrietta M. Smith. The conference hosts an illustrator of African descent each year and the artist donates an illustration to AARLCC. Julie also oversaw the acquisition of archival collections such as the Esther Rolle Collection in 2005 which contains actress Esther Rolle's photographs, playbills, and an Emmy Award. She later worked as Assistant Library Director for Broward County Library system until 2013. ","After her retirement in 2013, Julie remained active in the community and libraries by serving in the Friends of AARLCC. She received the 2014 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Florida Library Association, honoring her 47 years of library service. Through her work in the NAACP and in librarianship, Julie Hunter championed the spread of knowledge to dismantle ignorance and promote well-being in American society. She passed away on July 13, 2022.","This collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection.","View a selection of digitized materials from the Julie Hunter Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives.","The collection contains personal and professional papers of Julie Hunter. Materials include correspondence to and from Julie Hunter, professional papers documenting her career at the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library, African American Research Library and Cultural Center, and Broward County Library, photographs, notes, certificates, plaques, newspaper clippings, audio-visual materials, and one framed poster.","AARLCC Special Collections","African American Research Library and Cultural Center","Broward County Library","Auburn Avenue Research Library on African-American Culture and History","Atlanta-Fulton Public Library","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"unitid_tesim":["AARLCC.2021.16","/repositories/2/resources/182"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1961-2022"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Julie Hunter Collection, 1961-2022"],"collection_title_tesim":["Julie Hunter Collection, 1961-2022"],"collection_ssim":["Julie Hunter Collection, 1961-2022"],"repository_ssm":["AARLCC Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["AARLCC Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Fort Lauderdale (Fla.)","Broward County (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Fort Lauderdale (Fla.)","Broward County (Fla.)"],"places_ssim":["Fort Lauderdale (Fla.)","Broward County (Fla.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American librarians","African American women","Hunter, Julie, 1937-2022 -- Correspondence","Library directors","Public libraries -- Florida -- Fort Lauderdale","Libraries and Black people","African American librarians","Photographs","Clippings","Programs","minutes (administrative records)","plaques (flat objects)","Certificates","Oral histories"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American librarians","African American women","Hunter, Julie, 1937-2022 -- Correspondence","Library directors","Public libraries -- Florida -- Fort Lauderdale","Libraries and Black people","African American librarians","Photographs","Clippings","Programs","minutes (administrative records)","plaques (flat objects)","Certificates","Oral histories"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9 Hollinger Boxes","2 Boxes (irregular size)"],"extent_tesim":["9 Hollinger Boxes","2 Boxes (irregular size)"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Clippings","Programs","minutes (administrative records)","plaques (flat objects)","Certificates","Oral histories"],"date_range_isim":[1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJulie Hunter Collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Julie Hunter Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into 8 series: Series I. Correspondence, Series II. Professional Papers, Series III. Personal Papers, Series IV. Photographs, Series V. Printed Materials, Series VI. Audio-Visual Materials, Series VII. Awards, and Series VIII. Poster.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into 8 series: Series I. Correspondence, Series II. Professional Papers, Series III. Personal Papers, Series IV. Photographs, Series V. Printed Materials, Series VI. Audio-Visual Materials, Series VII. Awards, and Series VIII. Poster."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJulie Varner Hunter, a leader within the field of librarianship and civil rights, was born on April 5, 1937 in Summerville, South Carolina to parents John Varner, welder and grocery store owner, and Mildred Collins, a homemaker. She was one of eight children. Hunter experienced racism and Ku Klux Klan activities as a young girl such as cross burnings in neighborhood yards and KKK parades through town. She earned her Bachelor's degree in Mathematics with a minor in English from Claflin College (now Claflin University) in Orangeburg, South Carolina, graduating summa cum laude. She joined the student chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and served as president. After college, she worked as a Field Director for the NAACP and organized youth groups in the South from 1960 to 1963. In 1964, Mrs. Hunter attended library school at Atlanta University (now known as Clark Atlanta University). In Atlanta, she met Roy Hunter a professor of Biology at Morehouse College. They married in 1966.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJulie worked as the director of Atlanta University's Trevor Arnett Library after receiving her Masters degree in library science. She furthered her leadership in librarianship by working as the deputy/acting Director of the Robert W. 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The conference hosts an illustrator of African descent each year and the artist donates an illustration to AARLCC. Julie also oversaw the acquisition of archival collections such as the Esther Rolle Collection in 2005 which contains actress Esther Rolle's photographs, playbills, and an Emmy Award. She later worked as Assistant Library Director for Broward County Library system until 2013. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter her retirement in 2013, Julie remained active in the community and libraries by serving in the Friends of AARLCC. She received the 2014 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Florida Library Association, honoring her 47 years of library service. Through her work in the NAACP and in librarianship, Julie Hunter championed the spread of knowledge to dismantle ignorance and promote well-being in American society. 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In 1964, Mrs. Hunter attended library school at Atlanta University (now known as Clark Atlanta University). In Atlanta, she met Roy Hunter a professor of Biology at Morehouse College. They married in 1966.","Julie worked as the director of Atlanta University's Trevor Arnett Library after receiving her Masters degree in library science. She furthered her leadership in librarianship by working as the deputy/acting Director of the Robert W. Woodruff Library of Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia; Assistant Director of DeKalb County Public Library system in Decatur, Georgia; and the first Director of the Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History at the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library. 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This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://digitalarchives.broward.org/digital/collection/p16146coll44\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eView a selection of digitized materials from the Julie Hunter Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Digital Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["View a selection of digitized materials from the Julie Hunter Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains personal and professional papers of Julie Hunter. 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1914-2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence, Circa 1914-2009"],"text":["Correspondence, Circa 1914-2009","Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009","/repositories/4/archival_objects/8948","box 1","folder 2","Handwritten letters concerning Frost family business, empty envelopes, and a memorial service pamphlet for Marion Jeanette Frost Eby."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["cea7f57ccf776e8366478d8a"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/4/archival_objects/8948"],"repository_ssim":["Broward County Historical Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":2,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The Frost Family Collection is open for research."],"date_range_isim":[1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 2"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHandwritten letters concerning Frost family business, empty envelopes, and a memorial service pamphlet for Marion Jeanette Frost Eby.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Handwritten letters concerning Frost family business, empty envelopes, and a memorial service pamphlet for Marion Jeanette Frost Eby."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","_nest_parent_":"cea7f57ccf776e8366478d8a","_root_":"cea7f57ccf776e8366478d8a","_version_":1876457696481247232,"timestamp":"2026-09-16T03:31:50.957Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"cea7f57ccf776e8366478d8a","title_filing_ssi":"Frost Family Collection ","title_ssm":["Frost Family Collection"],"title_tesim":["Frost Family Collection"],"ead_ssi":"cea7f57ccf776e8366478d8a","unitdate_ssm":["Circa 1885-2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Circa 1885-2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["BCHA.1998.22","/repositories/4/resources/82"],"text":["BCHA.1998.22","/repositories/4/resources/82","Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009","Dania Beach (Fla.)","Port Everglades (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.)","Families -- Florida -- Broward County","Dwellings -- Florida -- Broward County","Seminole Indians","Produce trade","Tomato industry","Deeds","Photographs","Correspondence","Clippings","Maps","The Frost Family Collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into eight series: Series I. Printed and Handwritten Materials, Series II. Correspondence, Series II. Series III. Newspaper Articles, Series IV. Maps, Series V. Photographs and Slides, Series VI. Deeds, Series VII. Personal Papers, and Series VIII. Financial Ledgers.","Andrew Christian (A.C.) Frost was born in Denmark in 1846. He moved to the United States in 1876 and settled in New York. His occupations and business led him to work and live in Illinois, Wisconsin, a return to Denmark, Miami and then Dania (at the time called Modello, Florida). Throughout his life, A.C. Frost worked many jobs, including that of chief clerk and bookkeeper, work for a construction company building the Illinois state capitol building, and odd jobs at the Leeland Hotel in Springfield, Illinois. He was also the proprietor of a general store with a post office, a store building, and a home in an area that would come to be called \"Frostville\" in Oconto County, Wisconsin. In Dania, Florida, he developed farms and built  the first general store (1922) with a post office in addition to other businesses. He purchased land and developments in the Dania area, and his support helped to establish an independent Broward County.","A.C. Frost died in Dania, Florida on February 12, 1924, leaving behind a large family, including sons who helped him develop land in Florida while he travelled to former areas of residence. Frost had three wives (Mary Gregerson Frost, Mary Hanson Frost, and Catherine Johnson Frost) and ten children during his lifetime.","The Frost Family Collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection.","View a selection of digitized materials from the Frost Family Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives.","The Frost Family Collection contains materials documenting the Frost family, one of Dania's first and most prominent families. 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(Andrew Christian), 1846-1924","English"],"unitid_tesim":["BCHA.1998.22","/repositories/4/resources/82"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Circa 1885-2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009"],"collection_title_tesim":["Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009"],"collection_ssim":["Frost Family Collection, Circa 1885-2009"],"repository_ssm":["Broward County Historical Archives"],"repository_ssim":["Broward County Historical Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Dania Beach (Fla.)","Port Everglades (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Dania Beach (Fla.)","Port Everglades (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.)"],"places_ssim":["Dania Beach (Fla.)","Port Everglades (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Families -- Florida -- Broward County","Dwellings -- Florida -- Broward County","Seminole Indians","Produce trade","Tomato industry","Deeds","Photographs","Correspondence","Clippings","Maps"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Families -- Florida -- Broward County","Dwellings -- Florida -- Broward County","Seminole Indians","Produce trade","Tomato industry","Deeds","Photographs","Correspondence","Clippings","Maps"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 Hollinger Boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2 Hollinger Boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Deeds","Photographs","Correspondence","Clippings","Maps"],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Frost Family Collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The Frost Family Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into eight series: Series I. Printed and Handwritten Materials, Series II. Correspondence, Series II. Series III. Newspaper Articles, Series IV. Maps, Series V. Photographs and Slides, Series VI. Deeds, Series VII. Personal Papers, and Series VIII. Financial Ledgers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into eight series: Series I. Printed and Handwritten Materials, Series II. Correspondence, Series II. Series III. Newspaper Articles, Series IV. Maps, Series V. Photographs and Slides, Series VI. Deeds, Series VII. Personal Papers, and Series VIII. Financial Ledgers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAndrew Christian (A.C.) Frost was born in Denmark in 1846. He moved to the United States in 1876 and settled in New York. His occupations and business led him to work and live in Illinois, Wisconsin, a return to Denmark, Miami and then Dania (at the time called Modello, Florida). Throughout his life, A.C. Frost worked many jobs, including that of chief clerk and bookkeeper, work for a construction company building the Illinois state capitol building, and odd jobs at the Leeland Hotel in Springfield, Illinois. He was also the proprietor of a general store with a post office, a store building, and a home in an area that would come to be called \"Frostville\" in Oconto County, Wisconsin. In Dania, Florida, he developed farms and built  the first general store (1922) with a post office in addition to other businesses. He purchased land and developments in the Dania area, and his support helped to establish an independent Broward County.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA.C. Frost died in Dania, Florida on February 12, 1924, leaving behind a large family, including sons who helped him develop land in Florida while he travelled to former areas of residence. Frost had three wives (Mary Gregerson Frost, Mary Hanson Frost, and Catherine Johnson Frost) and ten children during his lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Andrew Christian (A.C.) Frost was born in Denmark in 1846. He moved to the United States in 1876 and settled in New York. His occupations and business led him to work and live in Illinois, Wisconsin, a return to Denmark, Miami and then Dania (at the time called Modello, Florida). Throughout his life, A.C. Frost worked many jobs, including that of chief clerk and bookkeeper, work for a construction company building the Illinois state capitol building, and odd jobs at the Leeland Hotel in Springfield, Illinois. He was also the proprietor of a general store with a post office, a store building, and a home in an area that would come to be called \"Frostville\" in Oconto County, Wisconsin. In Dania, Florida, he developed farms and built  the first general store (1922) with a post office in addition to other businesses. He purchased land and developments in the Dania area, and his support helped to establish an independent Broward County.","A.C. Frost died in Dania, Florida on February 12, 1924, leaving behind a large family, including sons who helped him develop land in Florida while he travelled to former areas of residence. Frost had three wives (Mary Gregerson Frost, Mary Hanson Frost, and Catherine Johnson Frost) and ten children during his lifetime."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrost Family Collection, Broward County Historical Archives, Broward County Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Frost Family Collection, Broward County Historical Archives, Broward County Library."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Frost Family Collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Frost Family Collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://digitalarchives.broward.org/digital/collection/p16146coll46\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eView a selection of digitized materials from the Frost Family Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Digital Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["View a selection of digitized materials from the Frost Family Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Frost Family Collection contains materials documenting the Frost family, one of Dania's first and most prominent families. The collection materials date from the 1890s through 2009. The collection includes newspaper clippings collected by and about the Frost family. notes on Frost family and Frost family tree, a printout of email correspondence concerning Frost family history, and a small book on Port Everglades in Florida. Correspondence concerns the Frost family business. Financial papers includes deeds and ledgers of payroll dating from the 1890s to 1940s, an abstract of title, Certificate of Membership of M.C. Frost in the National Highway Charts Association, a tax sale certificate, a receipt, and checks. The photographs in the collection are of particular interest as they document the earliest history of Dania as well as the Frost family. Also included are photographs of the Seminole New Dania Reservation from 1927.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Frost Family Collection contains materials documenting the Frost family, one of Dania's first and most prominent families. 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(Andrew Christian), 1846-1924"],"persname_ssim":["Frost, A.C. 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Included are letters, photographs, and newsclippings of Ray and family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/a9da232da7ee82207e1752db_aspace_741#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_741","ref_ssm":["aspace_741","aspace_741"],"id":"a9da232da7ee82207e1752db_aspace_741","title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence, personal","title_ssm":["Correspondence, personal"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence, personal"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1990-2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1990-2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence, personal, 1990-2003"],"text":["Correspondence, personal, 1990-2003","Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection, 1953-2003, Date Acquired","Charles A. Ray Personal Papers, 1948-2003","Personal Documents","Folder 2","/repositories/2/archival_objects/11219","English","box 1","folder 2","Materials pertaining to the personal and close relations of Charles Ray from 1990-2003. Included are letters, photographs, and newsclippings of Ray and family."],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["a9da232da7ee82207e1752db","a9da232da7ee82207e1752db_aspace_706","a9da232da7ee82207e1752db_aspace_707"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection, 1953-2003, Date Acquired","Charles A. Ray Personal Papers, 1948-2003","Personal Documents"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection, 1953-2003, Date Acquired","Charles A. Ray Personal Papers, 1948-2003","Personal Documents"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 2","/repositories/2/archival_objects/11219"],"repository_ssim":["Florida Gulf Coast University Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Charles A. 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Ray Photojournalism Collection, 1953-2003, Date Acquired","San Francisco Bay Area (Calif.)","Police brutality.","Civil rights.","Photography.","Journalism","Social science.","The collection is open and available for research.","Organized in two series: Series 1, Charles A. Ray Personal Papers, ca. 1948-2003; Series 2, Charles A. Ray Professional Papers, ca. 1953-1998.","The Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection includes photographs, negatives, daybooks, audiotapes, videotapes, periodicals, newspapers, a reel-to-reel projector, 16mm film, and other professional mementos.","Charles Ray will retain copyright in pepetuity.  The collection will be held in trust by the university for 10 years.  FGCU has full ownership of collection as of 2012.","The Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection offers scholars a glimpse into the work of Charles A. Ray. Charles Ray stepped behind the camera in 1954, at the age of 23. Ray's camera captured a nation in flux. 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Charles Ray and his family will have open access to the collection and Charles Ray will retain copyright of all items in perpetuity."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Journalism","Social science."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Journalism","Social science."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["30.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["30.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Social science."],"date_range_isim":[1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open and available for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open and available for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized in two series: Series 1, Charles A. Ray Personal Papers, ca. 1948-2003; Series 2, Charles A. Ray Professional Papers, ca. 1953-1998.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized in two series: Series 1, Charles A. Ray Personal Papers, ca. 1948-2003; Series 2, Charles A. Ray Professional Papers, ca. 1953-1998."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection includes photographs, negatives, daybooks, audiotapes, videotapes, periodicals, newspapers, a reel-to-reel projector, 16mm film, and other professional mementos.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection includes photographs, negatives, daybooks, audiotapes, videotapes, periodicals, newspapers, a reel-to-reel projector, 16mm film, and other professional mementos."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Ray will retain copyright in pepetuity.\u0026#xA0; The collection will be held in trust by the university for 10 years.\u0026#xA0; FGCU has full ownership of collection as of 2012.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Charles Ray will retain copyright in pepetuity.  The collection will be held in trust by the university for 10 years.  FGCU has full ownership of collection as of 2012."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bccd15860b54e0b153224d5f355ce419\"\u003eThe Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection offers scholars a glimpse into the work of Charles A. Ray. Charles Ray stepped behind the camera in 1954, at the age of 23. Ray's camera captured a nation in flux. Through his lens, television viewers experienced the drama of presidential campaigns, the passion of the civil rights movement, and the adventure and tragedy of NASA's race for space. Charles Ray documented our nation's growing pains, including the bloody clashes between police and journalists covering the civil rights protests of the 1960s, and the tragic end of Camelot.\n\nCharles Ray graciously donated his collection to Florida Gulf Coast University Library in 2002. The Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection includes photographs, negatives, daybooks, audiotapes, videotapes, periodicals, newspapers, a reel-to-reel projector, 16mm film, and other professional mementos. The collection is organized by two series. The first series highlights his personal life, which consists of documents, images, and ephermera. The second series provides documents and images from Ray's professional career.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection offers scholars a glimpse into the work of Charles A. Ray. Charles Ray stepped behind the camera in 1954, at the age of 23. Ray's camera captured a nation in flux. Through his lens, television viewers experienced the drama of presidential campaigns, the passion of the civil rights movement, and the adventure and tragedy of NASA's race for space. Charles Ray documented our nation's growing pains, including the bloody clashes between police and journalists covering the civil rights protests of the 1960s, and the tragic end of Camelot.\n\nCharles Ray graciously donated his collection to Florida Gulf Coast University Library in 2002. The Charles A. Ray Photojournalism Collection includes photographs, negatives, daybooks, audiotapes, videotapes, periodicals, newspapers, a reel-to-reel projector, 16mm film, and other professional mementos. The collection is organized by two series. The first series highlights his personal life, which consists of documents, images, and ephermera. The second series provides documents and images from Ray's professional career."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_82011e2bc8a450c1e6b3f87e5d52d5a9\"\u003eRange: 8B, Section: 1, Shelf: 1-6\nRange: 8B, Section: 2, Shelf: 1-5\nRange: 8B, Section: 3, Shelf: 6\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Range: 8B, Section: 1, Shelf: 1-6\nRange: 8B, Section: 2, Shelf: 1-5\nRange: 8B, Section: 3, Shelf: 6"],"names_ssim":["Florida Gulf Coast University Special Collections","Ray, Charles (Charles A.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Florida Gulf Coast University Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Ray, Charles (Charles A.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1880356197414993920,"_root_":"a9da232da7ee82207e1752db","timestamp":"2026-10-29T04:16:51.167Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/a9da232da7ee82207e1752db_aspace_741"}},{"id":"a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence – Publications, 1952-2003","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eFolder includes correspondence related to publications and press about activities at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02","ref_ssm":["aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02","aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02"],"id":"a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02","title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence – Publications","title_ssm":["Correspondence – Publications"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence – Publications"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1952-2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952-2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence – Publications, 1952-2003"],"text":["Correspondence – Publications, 1952-2003","Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019","Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary Records","Correspondence - H-Correspondence - T","/repositories/2/archival_objects/198019","box 6","folder 9","Folder includes correspondence related to publications and press about activities at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary."],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f","a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_e321b62174c707b70994a33f9c213e29","a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_40d3b16cd9aa9946e601c9ae7d7ce773"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019","Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary Records","Correspondence - H-Correspondence - T"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019","Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary Records","Correspondence - H-Correspondence - T"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Box"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/198019"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":127,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Until 2034, USF Libraries must provide a 90 day notice to Florida Audubon Society in advance of any exhibition or cultural activity initiated by USF Libraries in which the sole focus of the exhibition or activity is the Florida Audubon Society."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"containers_ssim":["box 6","folder 9"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFolder includes correspondence related to publications and press about activities at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Folder includes correspondence related to publications and press about activities at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#5/components#8","_nest_parent_":"a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_40d3b16cd9aa9946e601c9ae7d7ce773","_root_":"a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f","_version_":1872946110924849152,"timestamp":"2026-08-08T09:16:41.949Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f","title_ssm":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records"],"title_tesim":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records"],"ead_ssi":"a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f","unitdate_ssm":["1937-2019"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1937-2019"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-2020-03","/repositories/2/resources/583"],"text":["MS-2020-03","/repositories/2/resources/583","Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019","Ecology -- Florida","Conservationists -- Florida","Birds -- Habitat -- Florida","Birds -- Migration","Good.","Until 2034, USF Libraries must provide a 90 day notice to Florida Audubon Society in advance of any exhibition or cultural activity initiated by USF Libraries in which the sole focus of the exhibition or activity is the Florida Audubon Society.","This collection is divided into four series: Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, subject files, photographs and slides, and oversized material. The first series includes documents from work conducted at the sanctuary proper, though additional related documents may be found in the subject files. Within series, folders are arranged alphabetically.","Audubon Florida's Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is a site which had been protected by Audubon wardens since the 1910s.  With no interest from the state in preserving the area, Audubon Florida founded the sanctuary in the mid-1950s.  From an initial 5,000 acres, it was expanded to more than 13,000 acres.  It is especially notable for its bald cypress forest and cypress domes, the only part of the original Fakahatchee cypress strand in the area to be preserved from logging, which commenced in 1944. As part of the Corkscrew watershed, the sanctuary is part of the western Everglades. To save the remaining cypress and vital habitat from destruction, Audubon led an effort to raise money to buy the property. By 1954, 5,680 acres were accumulated, the last virgin cypress forest in the entire world and the most important Wood Stork rookery in the U.S. When offered the property, the state of Florida expressed no interest in the site, so Audubon took ownership. By the 1970s and 80s, development had altered the local landscape and made the sanctuary a much less isolated site. Under the leadership of Executive Director (and longtime Audubon employee) Ed Carlson in the 1980s and 90s, the sanctuary incoroporated more formal education programs, a visitor center, and a boardwalk that provides a scenic tour of parts of the property. These records document the activities of the sanctuary, including habitat studies, research materials, educational records, correspondence, and general management of the site, from invasive species mitigation to controlled burns.","The Audubon Florida Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary Records donation included published book materials that are being processed for inclusion into the collection and will be traced on this record.","This collection consists of organizational papers, scientific data, field notebooks, correspondence, photographs and photographic slides, maps, and clippings.","Maps and publications related to the archival collection are cataloged individually and shelved in the Environment and Natural History Collection. Titles and links to the catalog record are available on this finding aid via the \"Cataloged Books, Publications, and Media\" and \"Cataloged Maps\" series.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information.","The Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records contain materials collecting the history of this sanctuary and the scientific and outreach work conducted on the property and surrounding area. In addition, this collection includes research materials from several National Audubon Society projects, including from the Paul J. Rainey Wildlife Sanctuary and Platte River.","USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Ed Carlson","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-2020-03","/repositories/2/resources/583"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1937-2019"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019"],"collection_title_tesim":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019"],"collection_ssim":["Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, 1937-2019"],"repository_ssm":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Ed Carlson"],"creator_ssim":["Ed Carlson"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ed Carlson"],"creators_ssim":["Ed Carlson"],"access_terms_ssm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Ecology -- Florida","Conservationists -- Florida","Birds -- Habitat -- Florida","Birds -- Migration"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Ecology -- Florida","Conservationists -- Florida","Birds -- Habitat -- Florida","Birds -- Migration"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good."],"extent_ssm":["51 Linear Feet","96 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["51 Linear Feet","96 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUntil 2034, USF Libraries must provide a 90 day notice to Florida Audubon Society in advance of any exhibition or cultural activity initiated by USF Libraries in which the sole focus of the exhibition or activity is the Florida Audubon Society.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Until 2034, USF Libraries must provide a 90 day notice to Florida Audubon Society in advance of any exhibition or cultural activity initiated by USF Libraries in which the sole focus of the exhibition or activity is the Florida Audubon Society."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into four series: Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records, subject files, photographs and slides, and oversized material. 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It is especially notable for its bald cypress forest and cypress domes, the only part of the original Fakahatchee cypress strand in the area to be preserved from logging, which commenced in 1944. As part of the Corkscrew watershed, the sanctuary is part of the western Everglades. To save the remaining cypress and vital habitat from destruction, Audubon led an effort to raise money to buy the property. By 1954, 5,680 acres were accumulated, the last virgin cypress forest in the entire world and the most important Wood Stork rookery in the U.S. When offered the property, the state of Florida expressed no interest in the site, so Audubon took ownership. By the 1970s and 80s, development had altered the local landscape and made the sanctuary a much less isolated site. Under the leadership of Executive Director (and longtime Audubon employee) Ed Carlson in the 1980s and 90s, the sanctuary incoroporated more formal education programs, a visitor center, and a boardwalk that provides a scenic tour of parts of the property. These records document the activities of the sanctuary, including habitat studies, research materials, educational records, correspondence, and general management of the site, from invasive species mitigation to controlled burns.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"bioghist_tesim":["Audubon Florida's Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is a site which had been protected by Audubon wardens since the 1910s.  With no interest from the state in preserving the area, Audubon Florida founded the sanctuary in the mid-1950s.  From an initial 5,000 acres, it was expanded to more than 13,000 acres.  It is especially notable for its bald cypress forest and cypress domes, the only part of the original Fakahatchee cypress strand in the area to be preserved from logging, which commenced in 1944. As part of the Corkscrew watershed, the sanctuary is part of the western Everglades. To save the remaining cypress and vital habitat from destruction, Audubon led an effort to raise money to buy the property. By 1954, 5,680 acres were accumulated, the last virgin cypress forest in the entire world and the most important Wood Stork rookery in the U.S. When offered the property, the state of Florida expressed no interest in the site, so Audubon took ownership. By the 1970s and 80s, development had altered the local landscape and made the sanctuary a much less isolated site. Under the leadership of Executive Director (and longtime Audubon employee) Ed Carlson in the 1980s and 90s, the sanctuary incoroporated more formal education programs, a visitor center, and a boardwalk that provides a scenic tour of parts of the property. These records document the activities of the sanctuary, including habitat studies, research materials, educational records, correspondence, and general management of the site, from invasive species mitigation to controlled burns."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Audubon Florida Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary Records donation included published book materials that are being processed for inclusion into the collection and will be traced on this record.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Cataloged Publications"],"odd_tesim":["The Audubon Florida Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary Records donation included published book materials that are being processed for inclusion into the collection and will be traced on this record."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of organizational papers, scientific data, field notebooks, correspondence, photographs and photographic slides, maps, and clippings.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of organizational papers, scientific data, field notebooks, correspondence, photographs and photographic slides, maps, and clippings."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaps and publications related to the archival collection are cataloged individually and shelved in the Environment and Natural History Collection. Titles and links to the catalog record are available on this finding aid via the \"Cataloged Books, Publications, and Media\" and \"Cataloged Maps\" series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Maps and publications related to the archival collection are cataloged individually and shelved in the Environment and Natural History Collection. Titles and links to the catalog record are available on this finding aid via the \"Cataloged Books, Publications, and Media\" and \"Cataloged Maps\" series."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u0026#xA0;The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.\u0026#xA0; Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at \u003cextref href=\"http://www.copyright.gov/\"\u003ehttp://www.copyright.gov/\u003c/extref\u003e for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_bf60a5a83f90c49360b71829ac95b658\"\u003eThe Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records contain materials collecting the history of this sanctuary and the scientific and outreach work conducted on the property and surrounding area. In addition, this collection includes research materials from several National Audubon Society projects, including from the Paul J. Rainey Wildlife Sanctuary and Platte River.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Audubon Society Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary records contain materials collecting the history of this sanctuary and the scientific and outreach work conducted on the property and surrounding area. In addition, this collection includes research materials from several National Audubon Society projects, including from the Paul J. Rainey Wildlife Sanctuary and Platte River."],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Ed Carlson"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Ed Carlson"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2704,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1872946110924849152,"_root_":"a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f","timestamp":"2026-08-08T09:16:41.949Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/a0b8dca0cc27e719e79a099f_aspace_eee3d6c96c8fe0504c1c42ecd3eb5d02"}},{"id":"8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47_aspace_b40fd8c1f04b90b6d7159908c3f7e4e5","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Correspondence regarding executive operations, 1996–1998, 2002–2003","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47_aspace_b40fd8c1f04b90b6d7159908c3f7e4e5#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_b40fd8c1f04b90b6d7159908c3f7e4e5","ref_ssm":["aspace_b40fd8c1f04b90b6d7159908c3f7e4e5","aspace_b40fd8c1f04b90b6d7159908c3f7e4e5"],"id":"8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47_aspace_b40fd8c1f04b90b6d7159908c3f7e4e5","title_filing_ssi":"Correspondence regarding executive operations","title_ssm":["Correspondence regarding executive operations"],"title_tesim":["Correspondence regarding executive operations"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1996–1998","2002–2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1996–1998, 2002–2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Correspondence regarding executive operations, 1996–1998, 2002–2003"],"text":["Correspondence regarding executive operations, 1996–1998, 2002–2003","U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, bulk 1992-1997","Lithuanian Files, 1991-2006","/repositories/4/archival_objects/83864","box 9","folder 19"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47","8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47_aspace_51be28c6464c3fada398f678831ad575"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, bulk 1992-1997","Lithuanian Files, 1991-2006"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, bulk 1992-1997","Lithuanian Files, 1991-2006"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/4/archival_objects/83864"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, bulk 1992-1997"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":165,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1996,1997,1998,2002,2003],"containers_ssim":["box 9","folder 19"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#13","_nest_parent_":"8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47_aspace_51be28c6464c3fada398f678831ad575","_root_":"8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47","_version_":1870857903575924736,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:05:32.282Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47","title_ssm":["U.S.-Baltic Foundation records"],"title_tesim":["U.S.-Baltic Foundation records"],"ead_ssi":"8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47","unitdate_ssm":["1990-2013","1992-1997"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1992-1997"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1990-2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 142","/repositories/4/resources/321"],"text":["SC 142","/repositories/4/resources/321","U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, bulk 1992-1997","Baltic States -- Foreign relations","Baltic States","United States -- Relations  --  Baltic States","Democratization","Democratization -- Europe, Eastern","Decentralization in government","newsletters","annual reports","financial statements","The entire collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into four series as follows. Each series is arranged chronologically. \n I. U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008 II. Latvia Files, 1991-1998 III. Estonia Files, 1993-2001 IV. Lithuania Files, 1992 – 2006","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF worked very closely with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on many of its projects and politicians from both U.S. political parties served on its board of trustees. USBF also received private support, accepting donations from American individuals and large non-profit organizations such as Pew Charitable Trusts and the Audrey Gruss Foundation. ","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. The Foundation also worked to introduce free press to the Baltic states through exchange programs that allowed Baltic media personnel to visit news stations in Washington D.C. and Dallas, Texas. These visits gave Baltic media personnel examples of how the free press operated. USBF also had country-specific programs such as helping the Jewish community in Lithuania build a community center, creating an AIDS-Information and Support center in Estonia, and donating to the Latvian Society of Nature and Monuments Protection. USBF supported many organizations such as these and was a crucial part of democratizing the Baltic states. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. ","Processed by and finding aid prepared by Stanley Shen in 2024.","Joint Baltic American National Committee records , Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. This collection offers insight into American efforts to restore democracy in former Soviet states of Eastern Europe, steering Baltic states away from communism and encouraging free markets.  Through initiatives promoting press freedom, decentralization, and the creation of PhD programs in the Baltic States, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation significantly aided the Baltic States' transition to capitalism and democracy. ","Series I: U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008, contain organizational records and major project files that document the U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work with multiple Baltic countries. It includes grant agreements, modifications, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation in media such as new clippings or articles, emails, newsletters, financial documents, legal documents, and reports about programs, such as the Baltic Municipal Training Institute. It also documents the Foundation's efforts to obtain non-profit status.  This series is arranged by like-item.  ","Series II: Latvian Files, 1991-1998, contain materials related to projects in Latvia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, financial reports, and proposals. The files document the brand-new U.S.-Baltic Foundation's first contact with Latvian social programs.  ","Series III: Estonia Files, 1993-2001, contains materials related to projects in Estonia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work in Estonia is centered around protecting the environment. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation worked very closely with the Estonian Green Movement, providing financial aid.  ","Series IV: Lithuanian files, 1992 – 2006, contain materials related to projects in Lithuania. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, thank you letters, correspondence with local authorities, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's activities in Lithuania demonstrate the organization's evolving role over time. Initially, the Foundation supported Lithuania in a similar way as the other states by creating a Municipal Training Center and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania. This Municipal Training Center taught local officials how to govern in a capitalist democracy. Later, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation began to focus on community growth, such as creating summer camps for students and building a community center for the Jewish population. ","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. \n\nThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. 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Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Jeff Nelson in 2023 (Accession no. CFM2023_04)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Democratization","Democratization -- Europe, Eastern","Decentralization in government","newsletters","annual reports","financial statements"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Democratization","Democratization -- Europe, Eastern","Decentralization in government","newsletters","annual reports","financial statements"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6 Linear Feet 12 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6 Linear Feet 12 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["newsletters","annual reports","financial statements"],"date_range_isim":[1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into four series as follows. Each series is arranged chronologically.\u0026#x202F;\n\u003cul style=\"list-style-type:none;\"\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eI. U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 \u0026#x2013; 2008\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eII. Latvia Files, 1991-1998\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eIII. Estonia Files, 1993-2001\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eIV. Lithuania Files, 1992 \u0026#x2013; 2006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into four series as follows. Each series is arranged chronologically. \n I. U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008 II. Latvia Files, 1991-1998 III. Estonia Files, 1993-2001 IV. Lithuania Files, 1992 – 2006"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF worked very closely with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on many of its projects and politicians from both U.S. political parties served on its board of trustees. USBF also received private support, accepting donations from American individuals and large non-profit organizations such as Pew Charitable Trusts and the Audrey Gruss Foundation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. The Foundation also worked to introduce free press to the Baltic states through exchange programs that allowed Baltic media personnel to visit news stations in Washington D.C. and Dallas, Texas. These visits gave Baltic media personnel examples of how the free press operated. USBF also had country-specific programs such as helping the Jewish community in Lithuania build a community center, creating an AIDS-Information and Support center in Estonia, and donating to the Latvian Society of Nature and Monuments Protection. USBF supported many organizations such as these and was a crucial part of democratizing the Baltic states. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF worked very closely with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on many of its projects and politicians from both U.S. political parties served on its board of trustees. USBF also received private support, accepting donations from American individuals and large non-profit organizations such as Pew Charitable Trusts and the Audrey Gruss Foundation. ","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. The Foundation also worked to introduce free press to the Baltic states through exchange programs that allowed Baltic media personnel to visit news stations in Washington D.C. and Dallas, Texas. These visits gave Baltic media personnel examples of how the free press operated. USBF also had country-specific programs such as helping the Jewish community in Lithuania build a community center, creating an AIDS-Information and Support center in Estonia, and donating to the Latvian Society of Nature and Monuments Protection. USBF supported many organizations such as these and was a crucial part of democratizing the Baltic states. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by and finding aid prepared by Stanley Shen in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by and finding aid prepared by Stanley Shen in 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/6/resources/5880\"\u003eJoint Baltic American National Committee records\u003c/extref\u003e, Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Joint Baltic American National Committee records , Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. This collection offers insight into American efforts to restore democracy in former Soviet states of Eastern Europe, steering Baltic states away from communism and encouraging free markets.  Through initiatives promoting press freedom, decentralization, and the creation of PhD programs in the Baltic States, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation significantly aided the Baltic States' transition to capitalism and democracy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 \u0026#x2013; 2008, contain organizational records and major project files that document the U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work with multiple Baltic countries. It includes grant agreements, modifications, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation in media such as new clippings or articles, emails, newsletters, financial documents, legal documents, and reports about programs, such as the Baltic Municipal Training Institute. It also documents the Foundation's efforts to obtain non-profit status.  This series is arranged by like-item.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Latvian Files, 1991-1998, contain materials related to projects in Latvia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, financial reports, and proposals. The files document the brand-new U.S.-Baltic Foundation's first contact with Latvian social programs.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Estonia Files, 1993-2001, contains materials related to projects in Estonia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work in Estonia is centered around protecting the environment. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation worked very closely with the Estonian Green Movement, providing financial aid.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Lithuanian files, 1992 \u0026#x2013; 2006, contain materials related to projects in Lithuania. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, thank you letters, correspondence with local authorities, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's activities in Lithuania demonstrate the organization's evolving role over time. Initially, the Foundation supported Lithuania in a similar way as the other states by creating a Municipal Training Center and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania. This Municipal Training Center taught local officials how to govern in a capitalist democracy. Later, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation began to focus on community growth, such as creating summer camps for students and building a community center for the Jewish population. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. This collection offers insight into American efforts to restore democracy in former Soviet states of Eastern Europe, steering Baltic states away from communism and encouraging free markets.  Through initiatives promoting press freedom, decentralization, and the creation of PhD programs in the Baltic States, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation significantly aided the Baltic States' transition to capitalism and democracy. ","Series I: U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008, contain organizational records and major project files that document the U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work with multiple Baltic countries. It includes grant agreements, modifications, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation in media such as new clippings or articles, emails, newsletters, financial documents, legal documents, and reports about programs, such as the Baltic Municipal Training Institute. It also documents the Foundation's efforts to obtain non-profit status.  This series is arranged by like-item.  ","Series II: Latvian Files, 1991-1998, contain materials related to projects in Latvia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, financial reports, and proposals. The files document the brand-new U.S.-Baltic Foundation's first contact with Latvian social programs.  ","Series III: Estonia Files, 1993-2001, contains materials related to projects in Estonia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work in Estonia is centered around protecting the environment. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation worked very closely with the Estonian Green Movement, providing financial aid.  ","Series IV: Lithuanian files, 1992 – 2006, contain materials related to projects in Lithuania. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, thank you letters, correspondence with local authorities, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's activities in Lithuania demonstrate the organization's evolving role over time. Initially, the Foundation supported Lithuania in a similar way as the other states by creating a Municipal Training Center and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania. This Municipal Training Center taught local officials how to govern in a capitalist democracy. Later, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation began to focus on community growth, such as creating summer camps for students and building a community center for the Jewish population. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Statement"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_7ce0e7f5258c72c34f947e506f6800df\"\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. \n\nThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. \n\nThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania."],"names_coll_ssim":["U.S.-Baltic Foundation","United States. 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Each series is arranged chronologically. \n I. U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008 II. Latvia Files, 1991-1998 III. Estonia Files, 1993-2001 IV. Lithuania Files, 1992 – 2006","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF worked very closely with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on many of its projects and politicians from both U.S. political parties served on its board of trustees. USBF also received private support, accepting donations from American individuals and large non-profit organizations such as Pew Charitable Trusts and the Audrey Gruss Foundation. ","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. The Foundation also worked to introduce free press to the Baltic states through exchange programs that allowed Baltic media personnel to visit news stations in Washington D.C. and Dallas, Texas. These visits gave Baltic media personnel examples of how the free press operated. USBF also had country-specific programs such as helping the Jewish community in Lithuania build a community center, creating an AIDS-Information and Support center in Estonia, and donating to the Latvian Society of Nature and Monuments Protection. USBF supported many organizations such as these and was a crucial part of democratizing the Baltic states. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. ","Processed by and finding aid prepared by Stanley Shen in 2024.","Joint Baltic American National Committee records , Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. This collection offers insight into American efforts to restore democracy in former Soviet states of Eastern Europe, steering Baltic states away from communism and encouraging free markets.  Through initiatives promoting press freedom, decentralization, and the creation of PhD programs in the Baltic States, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation significantly aided the Baltic States' transition to capitalism and democracy. ","Series I: U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008, contain organizational records and major project files that document the U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work with multiple Baltic countries. It includes grant agreements, modifications, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation in media such as new clippings or articles, emails, newsletters, financial documents, legal documents, and reports about programs, such as the Baltic Municipal Training Institute. It also documents the Foundation's efforts to obtain non-profit status.  This series is arranged by like-item.  ","Series II: Latvian Files, 1991-1998, contain materials related to projects in Latvia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, financial reports, and proposals. The files document the brand-new U.S.-Baltic Foundation's first contact with Latvian social programs.  ","Series III: Estonia Files, 1993-2001, contains materials related to projects in Estonia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work in Estonia is centered around protecting the environment. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation worked very closely with the Estonian Green Movement, providing financial aid.  ","Series IV: Lithuanian files, 1992 – 2006, contain materials related to projects in Lithuania. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, thank you letters, correspondence with local authorities, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's activities in Lithuania demonstrate the organization's evolving role over time. Initially, the Foundation supported Lithuania in a similar way as the other states by creating a Municipal Training Center and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania. This Municipal Training Center taught local officials how to govern in a capitalist democracy. Later, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation began to focus on community growth, such as creating summer camps for students and building a community center for the Jewish population. ","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. \n\nThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania.","UCF Special Collections","U.S.-Baltic Foundation","United States. 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Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of Jeff Nelson in 2023 (Accession no. CFM2023_04)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Democratization","Democratization -- Europe, Eastern","Decentralization in government","newsletters","annual reports","financial statements"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Democratization","Democratization -- Europe, Eastern","Decentralization in government","newsletters","annual reports","financial statements"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6 Linear Feet 12 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6 Linear Feet 12 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["newsletters","annual reports","financial statements"],"date_range_isim":[1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into four series as follows. Each series is arranged chronologically.\u0026#x202F;\n\u003cul style=\"list-style-type:none;\"\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eI. U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 \u0026#x2013; 2008\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eII. Latvia Files, 1991-1998\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eIII. Estonia Files, 1993-2001\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eIV. Lithuania Files, 1992 \u0026#x2013; 2006\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into four series as follows. Each series is arranged chronologically. \n I. U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008 II. Latvia Files, 1991-1998 III. Estonia Files, 1993-2001 IV. Lithuania Files, 1992 – 2006"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF worked very closely with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on many of its projects and politicians from both U.S. political parties served on its board of trustees. USBF also received private support, accepting donations from American individuals and large non-profit organizations such as Pew Charitable Trusts and the Audrey Gruss Foundation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. The Foundation also worked to introduce free press to the Baltic states through exchange programs that allowed Baltic media personnel to visit news stations in Washington D.C. and Dallas, Texas. These visits gave Baltic media personnel examples of how the free press operated. USBF also had country-specific programs such as helping the Jewish community in Lithuania build a community center, creating an AIDS-Information and Support center in Estonia, and donating to the Latvian Society of Nature and Monuments Protection. USBF supported many organizations such as these and was a crucial part of democratizing the Baltic states. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF worked very closely with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) on many of its projects and politicians from both U.S. political parties served on its board of trustees. USBF also received private support, accepting donations from American individuals and large non-profit organizations such as Pew Charitable Trusts and the Audrey Gruss Foundation. ","The U.S.-Baltic Foundation held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. The Foundation also worked to introduce free press to the Baltic states through exchange programs that allowed Baltic media personnel to visit news stations in Washington D.C. and Dallas, Texas. These visits gave Baltic media personnel examples of how the free press operated. USBF also had country-specific programs such as helping the Jewish community in Lithuania build a community center, creating an AIDS-Information and Support center in Estonia, and donating to the Latvian Society of Nature and Monuments Protection. USBF supported many organizations such as these and was a crucial part of democratizing the Baltic states. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by and finding aid prepared by Stanley Shen in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by and finding aid prepared by Stanley Shen in 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/6/resources/5880\"\u003eJoint Baltic American National Committee records\u003c/extref\u003e, Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Joint Baltic American National Committee records , Immigration History Research Center Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. This collection offers insight into American efforts to restore democracy in former Soviet states of Eastern Europe, steering Baltic states away from communism and encouraging free markets.  Through initiatives promoting press freedom, decentralization, and the creation of PhD programs in the Baltic States, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation significantly aided the Baltic States' transition to capitalism and democracy. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 \u0026#x2013; 2008, contain organizational records and major project files that document the U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work with multiple Baltic countries. It includes grant agreements, modifications, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation in media such as new clippings or articles, emails, newsletters, financial documents, legal documents, and reports about programs, such as the Baltic Municipal Training Institute. It also documents the Foundation's efforts to obtain non-profit status.  This series is arranged by like-item.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Latvian Files, 1991-1998, contain materials related to projects in Latvia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, financial reports, and proposals. The files document the brand-new U.S.-Baltic Foundation's first contact with Latvian social programs.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Estonia Files, 1993-2001, contains materials related to projects in Estonia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work in Estonia is centered around protecting the environment. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation worked very closely with the Estonian Green Movement, providing financial aid.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Lithuanian files, 1992 \u0026#x2013; 2006, contain materials related to projects in Lithuania. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, thank you letters, correspondence with local authorities, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's activities in Lithuania demonstrate the organization's evolving role over time. Initially, the Foundation supported Lithuania in a similar way as the other states by creating a Municipal Training Center and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania. This Municipal Training Center taught local officials how to govern in a capitalist democracy. Later, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation began to focus on community growth, such as creating summer camps for students and building a community center for the Jewish population. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. This collection offers insight into American efforts to restore democracy in former Soviet states of Eastern Europe, steering Baltic states away from communism and encouraging free markets.  Through initiatives promoting press freedom, decentralization, and the creation of PhD programs in the Baltic States, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation significantly aided the Baltic States' transition to capitalism and democracy. ","Series I: U.S.-Baltic Foundation Files, 1990 – 2008, contain organizational records and major project files that document the U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work with multiple Baltic countries. It includes grant agreements, modifications, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation in media such as new clippings or articles, emails, newsletters, financial documents, legal documents, and reports about programs, such as the Baltic Municipal Training Institute. It also documents the Foundation's efforts to obtain non-profit status.  This series is arranged by like-item.  ","Series II: Latvian Files, 1991-1998, contain materials related to projects in Latvia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, financial reports, and proposals. The files document the brand-new U.S.-Baltic Foundation's first contact with Latvian social programs.  ","Series III: Estonia Files, 1993-2001, contains materials related to projects in Estonia. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's work in Estonia is centered around protecting the environment. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation worked very closely with the Estonian Green Movement, providing financial aid.  ","Series IV: Lithuanian files, 1992 – 2006, contain materials related to projects in Lithuania. The series includes grant paperwork, emails, thank you letters, correspondence with local authorities, and financial files. The U.S.-Baltic Foundation's activities in Lithuania demonstrate the organization's evolving role over time. Initially, the Foundation supported Lithuania in a similar way as the other states by creating a Municipal Training Center and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania. This Municipal Training Center taught local officials how to govern in a capitalist democracy. Later, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation began to focus on community growth, such as creating summer camps for students and building a community center for the Jewish population. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Statement"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_7ce0e7f5258c72c34f947e506f6800df\"\u003eThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. \n\nThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The U.S.-Baltic Foundation records, 1990-2013, documents the work of the U.S.-Baltic Foundation, a non-profit organization that aimed to support the democratization of the Baltic States after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collection consists of financial reports, legal documents, newspaper articles, newsletters, magazines, and a small number of photographs documenting the Foundation's activities and programs in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.  It also contains briefings, which offer broad information on various projects, monthly events, and final reports on a project's progress.  Proposals, agreements, and modifications of  grants awarded by the U.S.-Baltic Foundation are also included. \n\nThe U.S.-Baltic Foundation (USBF) was founded in 1990 as a response to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States' desire to restore independence and democracy to the Baltic States. In 1990, they also obtained non-profit status. As part of the U.S. Democracy Network, the U.S.-Baltic Foundation received a 2.4-million-dollar budget from Congress to work with Baltic organizations and embassies to aid in the democratization of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. USBF held Baltic Municipal Management Seminars and established Municipal Training Centers, which taught local Baltic officials how to govern in a capitalist system. Municipal Training Centers were created in partnership with universities in the Baltic States, including the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Latvia, and the Kaunas Technological University in Lithuania, emphasizing decentralization and providing opportunities to visit America and observe how government operated in a capitalist society. USBF's operations slowed in 2011. In 2019, USBF donated $250,000, the last of its cash assets, to the University of Central Florida for a new dual undergraduate program in public administration and nonprofit management in partnership with Kaunas University of Technology in Lithuania."],"names_coll_ssim":["U.S.-Baltic Foundation","United States. Agency for International Development","National Endowment for Democracy (U.S.)"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","U.S.-Baltic Foundation","United States. Agency for International Development","National Endowment for Democracy (U.S.)"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","U.S.-Baltic Foundation","United States. Agency for International Development","National Endowment for Democracy (U.S.)"],"language_ssim":["English Latvian Lithuanian Estonian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":208,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857903575924736,"_root_":"8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:05:32.282Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/8e775b6d2c750c409e16ae47_aspace_80e702dcc2cf14c5fcf9c62b58a608b1"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council Collection, 1920-2020","value":"Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council Collection, 1920-2020","hits":293},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Southwest+Florida+Regional+Planning+Council+Collection%2C+1920-2020\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2002\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Florida Audubon Society Miami records, 1961-2014","value":"Florida Audubon Society Miami records, 1961-2014","hits":161},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Florida+Audubon+Society+Miami+records%2C+1961-2014\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2002\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bromeliad Society International (BSI) Archive, 1911-2018","value":"Bromeliad Society International (BSI) Archive, 1911-2018","hits":134},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Bromeliad+Society+International+%28BSI%29+Archive%2C+1911-2018\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2002\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"USF Athletics collection, bulk 1956-Present","value":"USF Athletics collection, bulk 1956-Present","hits":134},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=USF+Athletics+collection%2C+bulk+1956-Present\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=2002\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Democratic Women's Club of Florida, Inc. 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