{"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026page=243","prev":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026page=242","next":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026page=244","last":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026page=523"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":243,"next_page":244,"prev_page":242,"total_pages":523,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":2420,"total_count":5221,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"0487adef738f7855e0f87038","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jackie Voelkl manuscript, 1942-2006, Date acquired: 03/27/2006, bulk 1942-1946","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/0487adef738f7855e0f87038#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Sinco, Holly"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/0487adef738f7855e0f87038#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThe Jackie Voelkl manuscript contains one folder with a 44-page typed transcript of an oral history interview.  Jackie Voelkl served as a First Sergeant in the Women's Army Corps from 1942 to 1946. 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She served as private secretary to General Robert A. McClure, the head of the Army Psychological Warfare Division. The role of this Division was to develop propaganda pamphlets to drop on the German people to convince them to surrender. The Division would also send jeeps close to the front lines with microphones and speakers calling for the Germans to surrender.\n Jackie lived and worked in Paris, dating enlisted officers and touring the city. As a First Sergeant, she actually made more money than the enlisted soldiers she dated, earning $120 per month. Jackie anticipated V-E Day in May 1945 because of the correspondences in General McClure's office and participated in the Parisian celebration. In June 1945, Jackie moved with General McClure and the Psychological Warfare Division to General Eisenhower's new headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany. 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Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Jackie Voelkl","Donated"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Normandy","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Attack on, 1941","United States. Army--Uniforms","Basic training","SS Ile de France (Steamship)","World War, 1939-1945--Psychological aspects--United States","Psychological warfare--History--20th century.","Psychological warfare--United States--History--20th century.","V-E Day, 1945","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps--United States","RMS Queen Mary 2 (Ship)","Non-commissioned officers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Normandy","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), Attack on, 1941","United States. Army--Uniforms","Basic training","SS Ile de France (Steamship)","World War, 1939-1945--Psychological aspects--United States","Psychological warfare--History--20th century.","Psychological warfare--United States--History--20th century.","V-E Day, 1945","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps--United States","RMS Queen Mary 2 (Ship)","Non-commissioned officers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.00 folders"],"extent_tesim":["1.00 folders"],"date_range_isim":[1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJackie Voelkl was born July 28, 1921, in Dinuba, California. She grew up during the Great Depression between the homes of her mother, her grandparents, and finally, her father, in Portland, Oregon. She married her high school boyfriend after graduation, though the two eventually separated before Jackie joined the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in 1942, which later became the Women's Army Corps (WAC). She joined the army with the intention of serving, earning money, and eventually going home to go to school.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJackie went to basic training at Fort De Moines, Iowa, in January 1943. She then attended Army Administration school in Conway, Arkansas, to learn to how to serve as a non-commissioned officer (NCO). She became a First Sergeant and went on to teach a cadre of women recruits at the WAC Basic Training Center in Monticello, Arkansas. She later served at an Army Air Corps base in Selma, Alabama, where she turned down the opportunity to become an officer in favor of serving overseas.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe took the French cruise ship Ile de France across the Atlantic and was stationed in Salisbury, England. She worked as secretary to the Base Commander and worked on paperwork in preparation for D-Day. On Christmas Eve 1944 during the Battle of the Bulge, Jackie and seven of her WACs flew to Paris, France, to work at General Eisenhower's Headquarters. She served as private secretary to General Robert A. McClure, the head of the Army Psychological Warfare Division. The role of this Division was to develop propaganda pamphlets to drop on the German people to convince them to surrender. The Division would also send jeeps close to the front lines with microphones and speakers calling for the Germans to surrender.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJackie lived and worked in Paris, dating enlisted officers and touring the city. As a First Sergeant, she actually made more money than the enlisted soldiers she dated, earning $120 per month. Jackie anticipated V-E Day in May 1945 because of the correspondences in General McClure's office and participated in the Parisian celebration. In June 1945, Jackie moved with General McClure and the Psychological Warfare Division to General Eisenhower's new headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany. They were renamed the Information Control Division and developed pamphlets about concentration camps to drop on and inform the German population of what their country did. She traveled with the general to the other Information Control Division offices in Berlin, Brussels, The Hague, Copenhagen, and Oslo.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJackie eventually received her orders to go home to the United States because General McClure was going home. She sailed to New York on the Queen Mary, discharged, and flew home to California. Later, she went to Dayton, Ohio, to meet Jim Voelkl, a soldier with whom she had corresponded throughout the war. He proposed and they married in February 1946. They had a son and a daughter. Jackie believed that serving in the Army made her an independent person, and she dedicated the rest of her life to serving US veterans. She was a Post Commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and participated in World War II remembrance ceremonies in France. She died June 8, 2014, at the age of 92.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jackie Voelkl was born July 28, 1921, in Dinuba, California. She grew up during the Great Depression between the homes of her mother, her grandparents, and finally, her father, in Portland, Oregon. She married her high school boyfriend after graduation, though the two eventually separated before Jackie joined the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in 1942, which later became the Women's Army Corps (WAC). She joined the army with the intention of serving, earning money, and eventually going home to go to school.\n Jackie went to basic training at Fort De Moines, Iowa, in January 1943. She then attended Army Administration school in Conway, Arkansas, to learn to how to serve as a non-commissioned officer (NCO). She became a First Sergeant and went on to teach a cadre of women recruits at the WAC Basic Training Center in Monticello, Arkansas. She later served at an Army Air Corps base in Selma, Alabama, where she turned down the opportunity to become an officer in favor of serving overseas.\n She took the French cruise ship Ile de France across the Atlantic and was stationed in Salisbury, England. She worked as secretary to the Base Commander and worked on paperwork in preparation for D-Day. On Christmas Eve 1944 during the Battle of the Bulge, Jackie and seven of her WACs flew to Paris, France, to work at General Eisenhower's Headquarters. She served as private secretary to General Robert A. McClure, the head of the Army Psychological Warfare Division. The role of this Division was to develop propaganda pamphlets to drop on the German people to convince them to surrender. The Division would also send jeeps close to the front lines with microphones and speakers calling for the Germans to surrender.\n Jackie lived and worked in Paris, dating enlisted officers and touring the city. As a First Sergeant, she actually made more money than the enlisted soldiers she dated, earning $120 per month. Jackie anticipated V-E Day in May 1945 because of the correspondences in General McClure's office and participated in the Parisian celebration. In June 1945, Jackie moved with General McClure and the Psychological Warfare Division to General Eisenhower's new headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany. They were renamed the Information Control Division and developed pamphlets about concentration camps to drop on and inform the German population of what their country did. She traveled with the general to the other Information Control Division offices in Berlin, Brussels, The Hague, Copenhagen, and Oslo.\n Jackie eventually received her orders to go home to the United States because General McClure was going home. She sailed to New York on the Queen Mary, discharged, and flew home to California. Later, she went to Dayton, Ohio, to meet Jim Voelkl, a soldier with whom she had corresponded throughout the war. He proposed and they married in February 1946. They had a son and a daughter. Jackie believed that serving in the Army made her an independent person, and she dedicated the rest of her life to serving US veterans. She was a Post Commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars and participated in World War II remembrance ceremonies in France. She died June 8, 2014, at the age of 92."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Jackie Voelkl manuscript, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_06_0054\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_06_0054\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Jackie Voelkl manuscript, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_06_0054 ."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEntered 01/30/2017\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Entered 01/30/2017"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Jackie Voelkl manuscript contains one folder with a 44-page typed transcript of an oral history interview.\u0026#xA0; Jackie Voelkl served as a First Sergeant in the Women's Army Corps from 1942 to 1946. She worked as personal secretary to General Robert A. McClure, head of the Army Psychological Warfare Division at General Eisenhower's headquarters in Paris.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Jackie Voelkl manuscript contains one folder with a 44-page typed transcript of an oral history interview.  Jackie Voelkl served as a First Sergeant in the Women's Army Corps from 1942 to 1946. She worked as personal secretary to General Robert A. McClure, head of the Army Psychological Warfare Division at General Eisenhower's headquarters in Paris."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army. Women's Army Corps","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","United States. Army. Women's Army Corps","Sinco, Holly","Voelkl, Jackie","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","United States. Army. Women's Army Corps"],"persname_ssim":["Sinco, Holly","Voelkl, Jackie","Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"0487adef738f7855e0f87038","timestamp":"2026-07-08T13:19:52.359Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/0487adef738f7855e0f87038"}},{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_51506","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Jack O. Holmes, 1951-1988","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_51506#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_51506","ref_ssm":["aspace_51506","aspace_51506"],"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_51506","title_filing_ssi":"Jack O. Holmes","title_ssm":["Jack O. Holmes"],"title_tesim":["Jack O. Holmes"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1951-1988"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1951-1988"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jack O. Holmes, 1951-1988"],"text":["Jack O. Holmes, 1951-1988","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991","Correspondence, 1930-1990","Folder 1","/repositories/4/archival_objects/34401","box 14","folder 1"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_51261","4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_51262"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991","Correspondence, 1930-1990"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991","Correspondence, 1930-1990"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 1","/repositories/4/archival_objects/34401"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":242,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\n  Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\n  Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\n"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"containers_ssim":["box 14","folder 1"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#239","_nest_parent_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_51262","_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"ead_ssi":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","unitdate_ssm":["1754-2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1754-2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"text":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Marineland (Fla.)","Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)","The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"","The collection is divided into eight series by type of file.","Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.","Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.","A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives .","Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.","Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.","UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1754-2014"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creators_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"places_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Some of these materials were donated to and others were purchased by the University of Central Florida Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives from Michael A. Spencer in 2006 (CFM2006_09), 2011 (CFM2011_02), 2012 (CFM2012_10), and 2014 (CFM2014_01)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"extent_tesim":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"genreform_ssim":["botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"date_range_isim":[1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\""],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by type of file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by type of file."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library \u003cextref href=\"https://library.ucf.edu\"\u003eOnline Catalog\u003c/extref\u003e. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08c\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08b\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08a\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM1999-03\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Papers\u003c/extref\u003e are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://www.leugardens.org/\"\u003eHarry P. Leu Gardens\u003c/extref\u003e. The \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/4\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Collection\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/97\"\u003eTheodore L. Mead Collection\u003c/extref\u003e are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://siarchives.si.edu/\"\u003eSmithsonian Institution Archives\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Statement"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8e33310d6b1a70e4d88f1e2d3043cf71\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here."],"names_coll_ssim":["Bromeliad Society","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society"],"persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3662,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_51506"}},{"id":"4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jack O. Holmes collection, 1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains materials documenting the career of Florida landscape architect Jack O. Holmes and consists of business records, landscape planting plans, photographs and slides of Holmes' work, schematic designs and specifications. The collection primarily consists of photographs divided into businesses and residences. Some of the photographs are mounted. Many of the photographs include hand written notes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721","title_ssm":["Jack O. Holmes collection"],"title_tesim":["Jack O. Holmes collection"],"ead_ssi":"4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721","unitdate_ssm":["1926-1978","Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1926-1978"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-1999-03","/repositories/2/resources/509"],"text":["MS-1999-03","/repositories/2/resources/509","Jack O. Holmes collection, 1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999","Hillsborough County (Fla.)","Florida","Landscaping industry","Landscape gardening","Landscape architects","Organized into the following series: records, landscape planting plans, photographs, oversized, and slides. The flat boxes contain mounted photographs, schematic designs/specifications, and landscaping plans too large to fit in a document box.","Jack Oliver Holmes was born in Sistersville, West Virginia in 1905. He came to Florida in 1923, starting as a nurseryman in the landscape industry. From 1923-1928 he worked as architect in charge of landscapes for William F. Knull. In 1928, Holmes purchased Knull's landscape business and opened an office in Tampa, which he maintained until 1934. He played a large role in the development of Florida's landscaping industry. His collection of rare plants covered 30 acres, incorporated into a business in 1932 as Holmes Nursery. Holmes' career spanned from the Florida land boom of the 1920s to the 1990s.","Jack Holmes studied plants and landscaping on trips around the world, always looking for rare plants. He is known for introducing various types of azaleas, philodendrons, double yellow hibiscus, red bougainvillea, and orchids to Florida. He designed landscaping for many prominent Florida attractions and businesses such as the University of South Florida's original landscaping, Busch Gardens, Cypress Gardens, the Tampa Electric Building, the Hillsborough County Court House, the WTVT building in Tampa, St. Leo College, the People's Bank in Lakeland, and many more. Holmes played an active role in his profession and the community until his death in 1996.","Complete; The Landmark Motor Lodge folder contains photographs of a palm tree that Holmes persistently argued to obtain. In the end, he won and planted the grouping of palms at the landmark motor lodge.","The collection contains materials documenting the career of Florida landscape architect Jack O. Holmes and consists of business records, landscape planting plans, photographs and slides of Holmes' work, schematic designs and specifications. The collection primarily consists of photographs divided into businesses and residences. Some of the photographs are mounted. Many of the photographs include hand written notes.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information.","USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-1999-03","/repositories/2/resources/509"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jack O. Holmes collection, 1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jack O. Holmes collection, 1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"collection_ssim":["Jack O. Holmes collection, 1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"repository_ssm":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Hillsborough County (Fla.)","Florida"],"geogname_ssim":["Hillsborough County (Fla.)","Florida"],"creator_ssm":["Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"creator_ssim":["Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"creators_ssim":["Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"places_ssim":["Hillsborough County (Fla.)","Florida"],"access_terms_ssm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Estate of Jack O. Holmes","Donated by Mary Fisher Holmes, widow of Jack Oliver Holmes."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Landscaping industry","Landscape gardening","Landscape architects"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Landscaping industry","Landscape gardening","Landscape architects"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.28 Linear Feet","9 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.28 Linear Feet","9 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into the following series: records, landscape planting plans, photographs, oversized, and slides. The flat boxes contain mounted photographs, schematic designs/specifications, and landscaping plans too large to fit in a document box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into the following series: records, landscape planting plans, photographs, oversized, and slides. The flat boxes contain mounted photographs, schematic designs/specifications, and landscaping plans too large to fit in a document box."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack Oliver Holmes was born in Sistersville, West Virginia in 1905. He came to Florida in 1923, starting as a nurseryman in the landscape industry. From 1923-1928 he worked as architect in charge of landscapes for William F. Knull. In 1928, Holmes purchased Knull's landscape business and opened an office in Tampa, which he maintained until 1934. He played a large role in the development of Florida's landscaping industry. His collection of rare plants covered 30 acres, incorporated into a business in 1932 as Holmes Nursery. Holmes' career spanned from the Florida land boom of the 1920s to the 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJack Holmes studied plants and landscaping on trips around the world, always looking for rare plants. He is known for introducing various types of azaleas, philodendrons, double yellow hibiscus, red bougainvillea, and orchids to Florida. He designed landscaping for many prominent Florida attractions and businesses such as the University of South Florida's original landscaping, Busch Gardens, Cypress Gardens, the Tampa Electric Building, the Hillsborough County Court House, the WTVT building in Tampa, St. Leo College, the People's Bank in Lakeland, and many more. Holmes played an active role in his profession and the community until his death in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jack Oliver Holmes was born in Sistersville, West Virginia in 1905. He came to Florida in 1923, starting as a nurseryman in the landscape industry. From 1923-1928 he worked as architect in charge of landscapes for William F. Knull. In 1928, Holmes purchased Knull's landscape business and opened an office in Tampa, which he maintained until 1934. He played a large role in the development of Florida's landscaping industry. His collection of rare plants covered 30 acres, incorporated into a business in 1932 as Holmes Nursery. Holmes' career spanned from the Florida land boom of the 1920s to the 1990s.","Jack Holmes studied plants and landscaping on trips around the world, always looking for rare plants. He is known for introducing various types of azaleas, philodendrons, double yellow hibiscus, red bougainvillea, and orchids to Florida. He designed landscaping for many prominent Florida attractions and businesses such as the University of South Florida's original landscaping, Busch Gardens, Cypress Gardens, the Tampa Electric Building, the Hillsborough County Court House, the WTVT building in Tampa, St. Leo College, the People's Bank in Lakeland, and many more. Holmes played an active role in his profession and the community until his death in 1996."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack O. Holmes collection, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Jack O. Holmes collection, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eComplete; The Landmark Motor Lodge folder contains photographs of a palm tree that Holmes persistently argued to obtain. In the end, he won and planted the grouping of palms at the landmark motor lodge.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Complete; The Landmark Motor Lodge folder contains photographs of a palm tree that Holmes persistently argued to obtain. In the end, he won and planted the grouping of palms at the landmark motor lodge."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains materials documenting the career of Florida landscape architect Jack O. Holmes and consists of business records, landscape planting plans, photographs and slides of Holmes' work, schematic designs and specifications. The collection primarily consists of photographs divided into businesses and residences. Some of the photographs are mounted. Many of the photographs include hand written notes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains materials documenting the career of Florida landscape architect Jack O. Holmes and consists of business records, landscape planting plans, photographs and slides of Holmes' work, schematic designs and specifications. The collection primarily consists of photographs divided into businesses and residences. Some of the photographs are mounted. Many of the photographs include hand written notes."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u0026#xA0;The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.\u0026#xA0; Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at \u003cextref href=\"http://www.copyright.gov/\"\u003ehttp://www.copyright.gov/\u003c/extref\u003e for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":198,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870863265248051200,"_root_":"4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721","timestamp":"2026-07-16T09:30:45.572Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721","title_ssm":["Jack O. Holmes collection"],"title_tesim":["Jack O. Holmes collection"],"ead_ssi":"4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721","unitdate_ssm":["1926-1978","Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1926-1978"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-1999-03","/repositories/2/resources/509"],"text":["MS-1999-03","/repositories/2/resources/509","Jack O. Holmes collection, 1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999","Hillsborough County (Fla.)","Florida","Landscaping industry","Landscape gardening","Landscape architects","Organized into the following series: records, landscape planting plans, photographs, oversized, and slides. The flat boxes contain mounted photographs, schematic designs/specifications, and landscaping plans too large to fit in a document box.","Jack Oliver Holmes was born in Sistersville, West Virginia in 1905. He came to Florida in 1923, starting as a nurseryman in the landscape industry. From 1923-1928 he worked as architect in charge of landscapes for William F. Knull. In 1928, Holmes purchased Knull's landscape business and opened an office in Tampa, which he maintained until 1934. He played a large role in the development of Florida's landscaping industry. His collection of rare plants covered 30 acres, incorporated into a business in 1932 as Holmes Nursery. Holmes' career spanned from the Florida land boom of the 1920s to the 1990s.","Jack Holmes studied plants and landscaping on trips around the world, always looking for rare plants. He is known for introducing various types of azaleas, philodendrons, double yellow hibiscus, red bougainvillea, and orchids to Florida. He designed landscaping for many prominent Florida attractions and businesses such as the University of South Florida's original landscaping, Busch Gardens, Cypress Gardens, the Tampa Electric Building, the Hillsborough County Court House, the WTVT building in Tampa, St. Leo College, the People's Bank in Lakeland, and many more. Holmes played an active role in his profession and the community until his death in 1996.","Complete; The Landmark Motor Lodge folder contains photographs of a palm tree that Holmes persistently argued to obtain. In the end, he won and planted the grouping of palms at the landmark motor lodge.","The collection contains materials documenting the career of Florida landscape architect Jack O. Holmes and consists of business records, landscape planting plans, photographs and slides of Holmes' work, schematic designs and specifications. The collection primarily consists of photographs divided into businesses and residences. Some of the photographs are mounted. Many of the photographs include hand written notes.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information.","USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-1999-03","/repositories/2/resources/509"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1926-1978, Date acquired: 03/00/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jack O. 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(Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"places_ssim":["Hillsborough County (Fla.)","Florida"],"access_terms_ssm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Estate of Jack O. Holmes","Donated by Mary Fisher Holmes, widow of Jack Oliver Holmes."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Landscaping industry","Landscape gardening","Landscape architects"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Landscaping industry","Landscape gardening","Landscape architects"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.28 Linear Feet","9 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.28 Linear Feet","9 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized into the following series: records, landscape planting plans, photographs, oversized, and slides. The flat boxes contain mounted photographs, schematic designs/specifications, and landscaping plans too large to fit in a document box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized into the following series: records, landscape planting plans, photographs, oversized, and slides. The flat boxes contain mounted photographs, schematic designs/specifications, and landscaping plans too large to fit in a document box."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack Oliver Holmes was born in Sistersville, West Virginia in 1905. He came to Florida in 1923, starting as a nurseryman in the landscape industry. From 1923-1928 he worked as architect in charge of landscapes for William F. Knull. In 1928, Holmes purchased Knull's landscape business and opened an office in Tampa, which he maintained until 1934. He played a large role in the development of Florida's landscaping industry. His collection of rare plants covered 30 acres, incorporated into a business in 1932 as Holmes Nursery. Holmes' career spanned from the Florida land boom of the 1920s to the 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJack Holmes studied plants and landscaping on trips around the world, always looking for rare plants. He is known for introducing various types of azaleas, philodendrons, double yellow hibiscus, red bougainvillea, and orchids to Florida. He designed landscaping for many prominent Florida attractions and businesses such as the University of South Florida's original landscaping, Busch Gardens, Cypress Gardens, the Tampa Electric Building, the Hillsborough County Court House, the WTVT building in Tampa, St. Leo College, the People's Bank in Lakeland, and many more. Holmes played an active role in his profession and the community until his death in 1996.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jack Oliver Holmes was born in Sistersville, West Virginia in 1905. He came to Florida in 1923, starting as a nurseryman in the landscape industry. From 1923-1928 he worked as architect in charge of landscapes for William F. Knull. In 1928, Holmes purchased Knull's landscape business and opened an office in Tampa, which he maintained until 1934. He played a large role in the development of Florida's landscaping industry. His collection of rare plants covered 30 acres, incorporated into a business in 1932 as Holmes Nursery. Holmes' career spanned from the Florida land boom of the 1920s to the 1990s.","Jack Holmes studied plants and landscaping on trips around the world, always looking for rare plants. He is known for introducing various types of azaleas, philodendrons, double yellow hibiscus, red bougainvillea, and orchids to Florida. He designed landscaping for many prominent Florida attractions and businesses such as the University of South Florida's original landscaping, Busch Gardens, Cypress Gardens, the Tampa Electric Building, the Hillsborough County Court House, the WTVT building in Tampa, St. Leo College, the People's Bank in Lakeland, and many more. Holmes played an active role in his profession and the community until his death in 1996."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack O. Holmes collection, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Jack O. Holmes collection, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eComplete; The Landmark Motor Lodge folder contains photographs of a palm tree that Holmes persistently argued to obtain. In the end, he won and planted the grouping of palms at the landmark motor lodge.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Complete; The Landmark Motor Lodge folder contains photographs of a palm tree that Holmes persistently argued to obtain. In the end, he won and planted the grouping of palms at the landmark motor lodge."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains materials documenting the career of Florida landscape architect Jack O. Holmes and consists of business records, landscape planting plans, photographs and slides of Holmes' work, schematic designs and specifications. The collection primarily consists of photographs divided into businesses and residences. Some of the photographs are mounted. Many of the photographs include hand written notes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains materials documenting the career of Florida landscape architect Jack O. Holmes and consists of business records, landscape planting plans, photographs and slides of Holmes' work, schematic designs and specifications. The collection primarily consists of photographs divided into businesses and residences. Some of the photographs are mounted. Many of the photographs include hand written notes."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u0026#xA0;The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.\u0026#xA0; Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at \u003cextref href=\"http://www.copyright.gov/\"\u003ehttp://www.copyright.gov/\u003c/extref\u003e for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Holmes, Jack O. (Jack Oliver) (1905-1996)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":198,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870863265248051200,"_root_":"4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721","timestamp":"2026-07-16T09:30:45.572Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4da6d40eddef744c0b5ec721"}},{"id":"5707ae6f66706545a765c40b","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5707ae6f66706545a765c40b#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5707ae6f66706545a765c40b#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to Sergeant Jack Rifkin who served with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, in the European Theater of Operations during World War II. Rifkin received the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantry Badge. The collection includes an oral history interview transcript, military documents, newspaper, photograph of Rifkin in uniform, artifacts, and a digital compact disc recording of the award ceremony for the posthumous presentation of the Bronze Star Medal to Rifkin's family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5707ae6f66706545a765c40b#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"5707ae6f66706545a765c40b","title_filing_ssi":"Rifkin, Jack collection","title_ssm":["Jack Rifkin collection"],"title_tesim":["Jack Rifkin collection"],"ead_ssi":"5707ae6f66706545a765c40b","unitdate_ssm":["1943-1946","1889-1999","Date accessioned: 1999-10-07"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1943-1946"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1889-1999"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date accessioned: 1999-10-07"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["99.0626","/repositories/10/resources/1821"],"text":["99.0626","/repositories/10/resources/1821","Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946","Philadelphia (Pa.)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Europe, Northern","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Alsace","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Germany","This collection is open to all researchers.","Jack Rifkin was born on January 7, 1922 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Russian\nImmigrants who spoke Russian, Yiddish, and English in his household. He had three brothers\nWilliam, Abraham, and Joseph, as well as one sister, Marion. His family subsisted below the poverty\nline for most his childhood. Jack was working at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia manufacturing ammunition when he was drafted into the U.S. Army on October 10, 1942. He entered the Army Specialized Training Progam at the University of St. Louis from July 20, 1943 until March 16, 1944. He held various assignments within the Continental United States until he was shipped overseas to the European Theater of Operations with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, as a Squad Leader (E-5, Sergeant) of a light weapons squad. He landed in France with the Division on September 15, 1944 and participated in campaigns in France and Germany, eventually earning five \"battle stars,\"  the Combat Infantry Badge, and a Bronze Star Medal.\n \nIt was during his time in France that Rifkin acquired most of his war souvenirs. He was involved in\noperations that freed French Freedom Fighters from German POW camps.  Most of the German\ndecorations and badges were taken from German Prisoners of War. The Walther PP pistol in this collection was given to Rifkin by the Free French in appreciation for their liberation. Rifkin served as part of the American forces that occupied Germany immediately after the war ended in Europe.  Upon departure from France, all of the soldiers were told they were forbidden to bring guns to the United States as war  souvenirs. A warning was issued that stated anyone caught with weapons in their seabag would be detained from departing on the ship returning to the United States.  Hundreds of weapons were voluntarily removed from seabags and placed on the dock. Jack refused to go along, and took his chances due to the high regard he had for the Walther pistol. The warning was a bluff. No searches were conducted, and thus he successfully brought the weapon home.\n \nAfter discharge, Jack met and married Marilyn Weiner in Philadelphia on October 12, 1947. After\nexperiencing some health related issues, Jack and Marilyn moved to Miami, Florida in the early\n1950's. They had a daughter (Roberta) on December 25, 1956 and a son (Donald) on May 25,\n1960. Marilyn remained a homemaker her entire life. Jack was a salesman of building supplies to Cynaman Bros. Construction. He and Marilyn retired to Pompano Beach from Miami, where he enjoyed fishing from the Pompano Beach fishing pier three days a week. Marilyn passed away at the age of 66 in 1993 from a stroke in Pompano Beach. FL. They were married 47 years. Jack remained active\nin his retirement until he was debilitated by a stroke.  His daughter Roberta had him transferred\nto a hospice facility near her home in Georgia where he passed away six months later from his illness on June 29, 2002 in Riverside, GA.","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","This collection relates to Sergeant Jack Rifkin who served with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.  Rifkin received the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantry Badge. The collection includes an oral history interview transcript,  military documents, newspaper, photograph of Rifkin in uniform, artifacts, and a digital compact disc recording of the award ceremony for the posthumous presentation of the Bronze Star Medal to Rifkin's family.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)","Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002","English"],"unitid_tesim":["99.0626","/repositories/10/resources/1821"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"collection_ssim":["Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Philadelphia (Pa.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Philadelphia (Pa.)"],"creator_ssm":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"creator_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"creators_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"places_ssim":["Philadelphia (Pa.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Europe, Northern","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Alsace","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Germany"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Europe, Northern","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Alsace","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Germany"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 folders","2 items German Walther PP pistol with holster and German Fireman's dress dagger with leather frog and portepee.","1 boxes This box contains objects."],"extent_tesim":["1 folders","2 items German Walther PP pistol with holster and German Fireman's dress dagger with leather frog and portepee.","1 boxes This box contains objects."],"date_range_isim":[1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack Rifkin was born on January 7, 1922 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Russian\nImmigrants who spoke Russian, Yiddish, and English in his household. He had three brothers\nWilliam, Abraham, and Joseph, as well as one sister, Marion. His family subsisted below the poverty\nline for most his childhood. Jack was working at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia manufacturing ammunition when he was drafted into the U.S. Army on October 10, 1942. He entered the Army Specialized Training Progam at the University of St. Louis from July 20, 1943 until March 16, 1944. He held various assignments within the Continental United States until he was shipped overseas to the European Theater of Operations with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, as a Squad Leader (E-5, Sergeant) of a light weapons squad. He landed in France with the Division on September 15, 1944 and participated in campaigns in France and Germany, eventually earning five \"battle stars,\"  the Combat Infantry Badge, and a Bronze Star Medal.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nIt was during his time in France that Rifkin acquired most of his war souvenirs. He was involved in\noperations that freed French Freedom Fighters from German POW camps.  Most of the German\ndecorations and badges were taken from German Prisoners of War. The Walther PP pistol in this collection was given to Rifkin by the Free French in appreciation for their liberation. Rifkin served as part of the American forces that occupied Germany immediately after the war ended in Europe.  Upon departure from France, all of the soldiers were told they were forbidden to bring guns to the United States as war  souvenirs. A warning was issued that stated anyone caught with weapons in their seabag would be detained from departing on the ship returning to the United States.  Hundreds of weapons were voluntarily removed from seabags and placed on the dock. Jack refused to go along, and took his chances due to the high regard he had for the Walther pistol. The warning was a bluff. No searches were conducted, and thus he successfully brought the weapon home.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nAfter discharge, Jack met and married Marilyn Weiner in Philadelphia on October 12, 1947. After\nexperiencing some health related issues, Jack and Marilyn moved to Miami, Florida in the early\n1950's. They had a daughter (Roberta) on December 25, 1956 and a son (Donald) on May 25,\n1960. Marilyn remained a homemaker her entire life. Jack was a salesman of building supplies to Cynaman Bros. Construction. He and Marilyn retired to Pompano Beach from Miami, where he enjoyed fishing from the Pompano Beach fishing pier three days a week. Marilyn passed away at the age of 66 in 1993 from a stroke in Pompano Beach. FL. They were married 47 years. Jack remained active\nin his retirement until he was debilitated by a stroke.  His daughter Roberta had him transferred\nto a hospice facility near her home in Georgia where he passed away six months later from his illness on June 29, 2002 in Riverside, GA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jack Rifkin was born on January 7, 1922 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Russian\nImmigrants who spoke Russian, Yiddish, and English in his household. He had three brothers\nWilliam, Abraham, and Joseph, as well as one sister, Marion. His family subsisted below the poverty\nline for most his childhood. Jack was working at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia manufacturing ammunition when he was drafted into the U.S. Army on October 10, 1942. He entered the Army Specialized Training Progam at the University of St. Louis from July 20, 1943 until March 16, 1944. He held various assignments within the Continental United States until he was shipped overseas to the European Theater of Operations with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, as a Squad Leader (E-5, Sergeant) of a light weapons squad. He landed in France with the Division on September 15, 1944 and participated in campaigns in France and Germany, eventually earning five \"battle stars,\"  the Combat Infantry Badge, and a Bronze Star Medal.\n \nIt was during his time in France that Rifkin acquired most of his war souvenirs. He was involved in\noperations that freed French Freedom Fighters from German POW camps.  Most of the German\ndecorations and badges were taken from German Prisoners of War. The Walther PP pistol in this collection was given to Rifkin by the Free French in appreciation for their liberation. Rifkin served as part of the American forces that occupied Germany immediately after the war ended in Europe.  Upon departure from France, all of the soldiers were told they were forbidden to bring guns to the United States as war  souvenirs. A warning was issued that stated anyone caught with weapons in their seabag would be detained from departing on the ship returning to the United States.  Hundreds of weapons were voluntarily removed from seabags and placed on the dock. Jack refused to go along, and took his chances due to the high regard he had for the Walther pistol. The warning was a bluff. No searches were conducted, and thus he successfully brought the weapon home.\n \nAfter discharge, Jack met and married Marilyn Weiner in Philadelphia on October 12, 1947. After\nexperiencing some health related issues, Jack and Marilyn moved to Miami, Florida in the early\n1950's. They had a daughter (Roberta) on December 25, 1956 and a son (Donald) on May 25,\n1960. Marilyn remained a homemaker her entire life. Jack was a salesman of building supplies to Cynaman Bros. Construction. He and Marilyn retired to Pompano Beach from Miami, where he enjoyed fishing from the Pompano Beach fishing pier three days a week. Marilyn passed away at the age of 66 in 1993 from a stroke in Pompano Beach. FL. They were married 47 years. Jack remained active\nin his retirement until he was debilitated by a stroke.  His daughter Roberta had him transferred\nto a hospice facility near her home in Georgia where he passed away six months later from his illness on June 29, 2002 in Riverside, GA."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Jack Rifkin collection, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/02-99-0626\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Jack Rifkin collection, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/02-99-0626"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to Sergeant Jack Rifkin who served with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.  Rifkin received the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantry Badge. The collection includes an oral history interview transcript,  military documents, newspaper, photograph of Rifkin in uniform, artifacts, and a digital compact disc recording of the award ceremony for the posthumous presentation of the Bronze Star Medal to Rifkin's family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to Sergeant Jack Rifkin who served with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.  Rifkin received the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantry Badge. The collection includes an oral history interview transcript,  military documents, newspaper, photograph of Rifkin in uniform, artifacts, and a digital compact disc recording of the award ceremony for the posthumous presentation of the Bronze Star Medal to Rifkin's family."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"names_coll_ssim":["Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)","Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)","Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)"],"persname_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857715540033536,"_root_":"5707ae6f66706545a765c40b","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:02:32.961Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"5707ae6f66706545a765c40b","title_filing_ssi":"Rifkin, Jack collection","title_ssm":["Jack Rifkin collection"],"title_tesim":["Jack Rifkin collection"],"ead_ssi":"5707ae6f66706545a765c40b","unitdate_ssm":["1943-1946","1889-1999","Date accessioned: 1999-10-07"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1943-1946"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1889-1999"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date accessioned: 1999-10-07"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["99.0626","/repositories/10/resources/1821"],"text":["99.0626","/repositories/10/resources/1821","Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946","Philadelphia (Pa.)","World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Europe, Northern","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Alsace","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Germany","This collection is open to all researchers.","Jack Rifkin was born on January 7, 1922 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Russian\nImmigrants who spoke Russian, Yiddish, and English in his household. He had three brothers\nWilliam, Abraham, and Joseph, as well as one sister, Marion. His family subsisted below the poverty\nline for most his childhood. Jack was working at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia manufacturing ammunition when he was drafted into the U.S. Army on October 10, 1942. He entered the Army Specialized Training Progam at the University of St. Louis from July 20, 1943 until March 16, 1944. He held various assignments within the Continental United States until he was shipped overseas to the European Theater of Operations with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, as a Squad Leader (E-5, Sergeant) of a light weapons squad. He landed in France with the Division on September 15, 1944 and participated in campaigns in France and Germany, eventually earning five \"battle stars,\"  the Combat Infantry Badge, and a Bronze Star Medal.\n \nIt was during his time in France that Rifkin acquired most of his war souvenirs. He was involved in\noperations that freed French Freedom Fighters from German POW camps.  Most of the German\ndecorations and badges were taken from German Prisoners of War. The Walther PP pistol in this collection was given to Rifkin by the Free French in appreciation for their liberation. Rifkin served as part of the American forces that occupied Germany immediately after the war ended in Europe.  Upon departure from France, all of the soldiers were told they were forbidden to bring guns to the United States as war  souvenirs. A warning was issued that stated anyone caught with weapons in their seabag would be detained from departing on the ship returning to the United States.  Hundreds of weapons were voluntarily removed from seabags and placed on the dock. Jack refused to go along, and took his chances due to the high regard he had for the Walther pistol. The warning was a bluff. No searches were conducted, and thus he successfully brought the weapon home.\n \nAfter discharge, Jack met and married Marilyn Weiner in Philadelphia on October 12, 1947. After\nexperiencing some health related issues, Jack and Marilyn moved to Miami, Florida in the early\n1950's. They had a daughter (Roberta) on December 25, 1956 and a son (Donald) on May 25,\n1960. Marilyn remained a homemaker her entire life. Jack was a salesman of building supplies to Cynaman Bros. Construction. He and Marilyn retired to Pompano Beach from Miami, where he enjoyed fishing from the Pompano Beach fishing pier three days a week. Marilyn passed away at the age of 66 in 1993 from a stroke in Pompano Beach. FL. They were married 47 years. Jack remained active\nin his retirement until he was debilitated by a stroke.  His daughter Roberta had him transferred\nto a hospice facility near her home in Georgia where he passed away six months later from his illness on June 29, 2002 in Riverside, GA.","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","This collection relates to Sergeant Jack Rifkin who served with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.  Rifkin received the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantry Badge. The collection includes an oral history interview transcript,  military documents, newspaper, photograph of Rifkin in uniform, artifacts, and a digital compact disc recording of the award ceremony for the posthumous presentation of the Bronze Star Medal to Rifkin's family.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)","Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002","English"],"unitid_tesim":["99.0626","/repositories/10/resources/1821"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"collection_ssim":["Jack Rifkin collection, 1889-1999, Date accessioned: 1999-10-07, bulk 1943-1946"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Philadelphia (Pa.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Philadelphia (Pa.)"],"creator_ssm":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"creator_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"creators_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"places_ssim":["Philadelphia (Pa.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Europe, Northern","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Alsace","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Germany"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Europe, Northern","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Alsace","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Germany"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 folders","2 items German Walther PP pistol with holster and German Fireman's dress dagger with leather frog and portepee.","1 boxes This box contains objects."],"extent_tesim":["1 folders","2 items German Walther PP pistol with holster and German Fireman's dress dagger with leather frog and portepee.","1 boxes This box contains objects."],"date_range_isim":[1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack Rifkin was born on January 7, 1922 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Russian\nImmigrants who spoke Russian, Yiddish, and English in his household. He had three brothers\nWilliam, Abraham, and Joseph, as well as one sister, Marion. His family subsisted below the poverty\nline for most his childhood. Jack was working at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia manufacturing ammunition when he was drafted into the U.S. Army on October 10, 1942. He entered the Army Specialized Training Progam at the University of St. Louis from July 20, 1943 until March 16, 1944. He held various assignments within the Continental United States until he was shipped overseas to the European Theater of Operations with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, as a Squad Leader (E-5, Sergeant) of a light weapons squad. He landed in France with the Division on September 15, 1944 and participated in campaigns in France and Germany, eventually earning five \"battle stars,\"  the Combat Infantry Badge, and a Bronze Star Medal.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nIt was during his time in France that Rifkin acquired most of his war souvenirs. He was involved in\noperations that freed French Freedom Fighters from German POW camps.  Most of the German\ndecorations and badges were taken from German Prisoners of War. The Walther PP pistol in this collection was given to Rifkin by the Free French in appreciation for their liberation. Rifkin served as part of the American forces that occupied Germany immediately after the war ended in Europe.  Upon departure from France, all of the soldiers were told they were forbidden to bring guns to the United States as war  souvenirs. A warning was issued that stated anyone caught with weapons in their seabag would be detained from departing on the ship returning to the United States.  Hundreds of weapons were voluntarily removed from seabags and placed on the dock. Jack refused to go along, and took his chances due to the high regard he had for the Walther pistol. The warning was a bluff. No searches were conducted, and thus he successfully brought the weapon home.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nAfter discharge, Jack met and married Marilyn Weiner in Philadelphia on October 12, 1947. After\nexperiencing some health related issues, Jack and Marilyn moved to Miami, Florida in the early\n1950's. They had a daughter (Roberta) on December 25, 1956 and a son (Donald) on May 25,\n1960. Marilyn remained a homemaker her entire life. Jack was a salesman of building supplies to Cynaman Bros. Construction. He and Marilyn retired to Pompano Beach from Miami, where he enjoyed fishing from the Pompano Beach fishing pier three days a week. Marilyn passed away at the age of 66 in 1993 from a stroke in Pompano Beach. FL. They were married 47 years. Jack remained active\nin his retirement until he was debilitated by a stroke.  His daughter Roberta had him transferred\nto a hospice facility near her home in Georgia where he passed away six months later from his illness on June 29, 2002 in Riverside, GA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jack Rifkin was born on January 7, 1922 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Russian\nImmigrants who spoke Russian, Yiddish, and English in his household. He had three brothers\nWilliam, Abraham, and Joseph, as well as one sister, Marion. His family subsisted below the poverty\nline for most his childhood. Jack was working at the Frankford Arsenal in Philadelphia manufacturing ammunition when he was drafted into the U.S. Army on October 10, 1942. He entered the Army Specialized Training Progam at the University of St. Louis from July 20, 1943 until March 16, 1944. He held various assignments within the Continental United States until he was shipped overseas to the European Theater of Operations with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, as a Squad Leader (E-5, Sergeant) of a light weapons squad. He landed in France with the Division on September 15, 1944 and participated in campaigns in France and Germany, eventually earning five \"battle stars,\"  the Combat Infantry Badge, and a Bronze Star Medal.\n \nIt was during his time in France that Rifkin acquired most of his war souvenirs. He was involved in\noperations that freed French Freedom Fighters from German POW camps.  Most of the German\ndecorations and badges were taken from German Prisoners of War. The Walther PP pistol in this collection was given to Rifkin by the Free French in appreciation for their liberation. Rifkin served as part of the American forces that occupied Germany immediately after the war ended in Europe.  Upon departure from France, all of the soldiers were told they were forbidden to bring guns to the United States as war  souvenirs. A warning was issued that stated anyone caught with weapons in their seabag would be detained from departing on the ship returning to the United States.  Hundreds of weapons were voluntarily removed from seabags and placed on the dock. Jack refused to go along, and took his chances due to the high regard he had for the Walther pistol. The warning was a bluff. No searches were conducted, and thus he successfully brought the weapon home.\n \nAfter discharge, Jack met and married Marilyn Weiner in Philadelphia on October 12, 1947. After\nexperiencing some health related issues, Jack and Marilyn moved to Miami, Florida in the early\n1950's. They had a daughter (Roberta) on December 25, 1956 and a son (Donald) on May 25,\n1960. Marilyn remained a homemaker her entire life. Jack was a salesman of building supplies to Cynaman Bros. Construction. He and Marilyn retired to Pompano Beach from Miami, where he enjoyed fishing from the Pompano Beach fishing pier three days a week. Marilyn passed away at the age of 66 in 1993 from a stroke in Pompano Beach. FL. They were married 47 years. Jack remained active\nin his retirement until he was debilitated by a stroke.  His daughter Roberta had him transferred\nto a hospice facility near her home in Georgia where he passed away six months later from his illness on June 29, 2002 in Riverside, GA."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Jack Rifkin collection, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/02-99-0626\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Jack Rifkin collection, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/02-99-0626"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to Sergeant Jack Rifkin who served with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.  Rifkin received the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantry Badge. The collection includes an oral history interview transcript,  military documents, newspaper, photograph of Rifkin in uniform, artifacts, and a digital compact disc recording of the award ceremony for the posthumous presentation of the Bronze Star Medal to Rifkin's family.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to Sergeant Jack Rifkin who served with the 324th Infantry Regiment, 44th Infantry Division, in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.  Rifkin received the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantry Badge. The collection includes an oral history interview transcript,  military documents, newspaper, photograph of Rifkin in uniform, artifacts, and a digital compact disc recording of the award ceremony for the posthumous presentation of the Bronze Star Medal to Rifkin's family."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"names_coll_ssim":["Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)","Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)","Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Army Specialized Training Program (U.S.)"],"persname_ssim":["Rifkin, Jack, 1922-2002"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857715540033536,"_root_":"5707ae6f66706545a765c40b","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:02:32.961Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5707ae6f66706545a765c40b"}},{"id":"f6f709f44c3218628dd92420","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f6f709f44c3218628dd92420#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f6f709f44c3218628dd92420#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains boxes that hold paperwork corresponding to specific meetings and the outcomes of the meetings in relation to unions and textile workers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f6f709f44c3218628dd92420#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"f6f709f44c3218628dd92420","title_ssm":["Jack Rubenstein Collection"],"title_tesim":["Jack Rubenstein Collection"],"ead_ssi":"f6f709f44c3218628dd92420","unitdate_ssm":["The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990 "],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990 "],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC5055","/repositories/2/resources/3"],"text":["SPC5055","/repositories/2/resources/3","Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990","Compensation (Law)--United States.","American Federation of Hosiery Workers. North Jersey District Council","Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America","Employee fringe benefits -- United States -- Statistics.","Employee fringe benefits.","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Textile industry--United States.","Textile workers","Textile workers—Wages","Textile Workers' Strike, Passaic, N.J., 1926","Textile workers--Labor unions","Textile workers--United States","Textile Workers Union of America.","Textile Workers Union of America. Convention","United States -- National Labor Relations Act","United Steelworkers of America.","Wages -- United States -- Statistics.","Textile workers--Wages","This collection is open for research.","The collection was kept in the order it was received. The collection contains 6 boxes.","Jack Rubenstein, was a labor-union official who led efforts to organize textile workers in the 1920's and later became a vice president of the New York State A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Mr. Rubenstein was a picket captain in the Passaic woolen strike that began early in 1926 and lasted for 13 months, in which Communist-led organizing groups sought to unionize textile plants throughout northeastern New Jersey. He was arrested 30 times during picket line clashes there and later during strikes in New Bedford and Fall River, Mass., and in Providence, R.I.","Mr. Rubenstein broke with the Communist union leadership and was expelled from the National Textile Workers Union. In 1933 he led a strike of 20,000 textile dyers and printers in Paterson, N.J., and became an organizer for the Federation of Dyers, Finishers and Printers that resulted from the strike.","In 1937 he joined the Textile Workers Union of America, a predecessor of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers. He managed the union's New York Joint Board and was its New York State director before retiring in 1973 as a vice president of the union and of the state A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Jack Rubenstein died in Margate, Fla., where he lived. He was 81 years old.","Note written by New York Times News Service","This collection contains boxes that hold paperwork corresponding to specific meetings and the outcomes of the meetings in relation to unions and textile workers.","Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","Rubenstein, Jack","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SPC5055","/repositories/2/resources/3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"collection_ssim":["Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"creator_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"creators_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Ruth Rubenstein"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Compensation (Law)--United States.","American Federation of Hosiery Workers. North Jersey District Council","Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America","Employee fringe benefits -- United States -- Statistics.","Employee fringe benefits.","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Textile industry--United States.","Textile workers","Textile workers—Wages","Textile Workers' Strike, Passaic, N.J., 1926","Textile workers--Labor unions","Textile workers--United States","Textile Workers Union of America.","Textile Workers Union of America. Convention","United States -- National Labor Relations Act","United Steelworkers of America.","Wages -- United States -- Statistics.","Textile workers--Wages"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Compensation (Law)--United States.","American Federation of Hosiery Workers. 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Convention","United States -- National Labor Relations Act","United Steelworkers of America.","Wages -- United States -- Statistics.","Textile workers--Wages"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.00 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.00 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was kept in the order it was received. The collection contains 6 boxes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection was kept in the order it was received. The collection contains 6 boxes."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack Rubenstein, was a labor-union official who led efforts to organize textile workers in the 1920's and later became a vice president of the New York State A.F.L.-C.I.O.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMr. Rubenstein was a picket captain in the Passaic woolen strike that began early in 1926 and lasted for 13 months, in which Communist-led organizing groups sought to unionize textile plants throughout northeastern New Jersey. He was arrested 30 times during picket line clashes there and later during strikes in New Bedford and Fall River, Mass., and in Providence, R.I.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMr. Rubenstein broke with the Communist union leadership and was expelled from the National Textile Workers Union. In 1933 he led a strike of 20,000 textile dyers and printers in Paterson, N.J., and became an organizer for the Federation of Dyers, Finishers and Printers that resulted from the strike.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1937 he joined the Textile Workers Union of America, a predecessor of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers. He managed the union's New York Joint Board and was its New York State director before retiring in 1973 as a vice president of the union and of the state A.F.L.-C.I.O.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJack Rubenstein died in Margate, Fla., where he lived. He was 81 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by New York Times News Service\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jack Rubenstein, was a labor-union official who led efforts to organize textile workers in the 1920's and later became a vice president of the New York State A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Mr. Rubenstein was a picket captain in the Passaic woolen strike that began early in 1926 and lasted for 13 months, in which Communist-led organizing groups sought to unionize textile plants throughout northeastern New Jersey. He was arrested 30 times during picket line clashes there and later during strikes in New Bedford and Fall River, Mass., and in Providence, R.I.","Mr. Rubenstein broke with the Communist union leadership and was expelled from the National Textile Workers Union. In 1933 he led a strike of 20,000 textile dyers and printers in Paterson, N.J., and became an organizer for the Federation of Dyers, Finishers and Printers that resulted from the strike.","In 1937 he joined the Textile Workers Union of America, a predecessor of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers. He managed the union's New York Joint Board and was its New York State director before retiring in 1973 as a vice president of the union and of the state A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Jack Rubenstein died in Margate, Fla., where he lived. He was 81 years old.","Note written by New York Times News Service"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains boxes that hold paperwork corresponding to specific meetings and the outcomes of the meetings in relation to unions and textile workers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains boxes that hold paperwork corresponding to specific meetings and the outcomes of the meetings in relation to unions and textile workers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections \u0026amp; University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections","Rubenstein, Jack"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":123,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870844548363583488,"_root_":"f6f709f44c3218628dd92420","timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:33:15.761Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"f6f709f44c3218628dd92420","title_ssm":["Jack Rubenstein Collection"],"title_tesim":["Jack Rubenstein Collection"],"ead_ssi":"f6f709f44c3218628dd92420","unitdate_ssm":["The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990 "],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990 "],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC5055","/repositories/2/resources/3"],"text":["SPC5055","/repositories/2/resources/3","Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990","Compensation (Law)--United States.","American Federation of Hosiery Workers. 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The collection contains 6 boxes.","Jack Rubenstein, was a labor-union official who led efforts to organize textile workers in the 1920's and later became a vice president of the New York State A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Mr. Rubenstein was a picket captain in the Passaic woolen strike that began early in 1926 and lasted for 13 months, in which Communist-led organizing groups sought to unionize textile plants throughout northeastern New Jersey. He was arrested 30 times during picket line clashes there and later during strikes in New Bedford and Fall River, Mass., and in Providence, R.I.","Mr. Rubenstein broke with the Communist union leadership and was expelled from the National Textile Workers Union. In 1933 he led a strike of 20,000 textile dyers and printers in Paterson, N.J., and became an organizer for the Federation of Dyers, Finishers and Printers that resulted from the strike.","In 1937 he joined the Textile Workers Union of America, a predecessor of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers. He managed the union's New York Joint Board and was its New York State director before retiring in 1973 as a vice president of the union and of the state A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Jack Rubenstein died in Margate, Fla., where he lived. He was 81 years old.","Note written by New York Times News Service","This collection contains boxes that hold paperwork corresponding to specific meetings and the outcomes of the meetings in relation to unions and textile workers.","Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","Rubenstein, Jack","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SPC5055","/repositories/2/resources/3"],"normalized_date_ssm":["bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"collection_ssim":["Jack Rubenstein Collection, bulk The majority of the dates take place between 1926 and 1990"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"creator_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"creators_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Ruth Rubenstein"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Compensation (Law)--United States.","American Federation of Hosiery Workers. North Jersey District Council","Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America","Employee fringe benefits -- United States -- Statistics.","Employee fringe benefits.","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Textile industry--United States.","Textile workers","Textile workers—Wages","Textile Workers' Strike, Passaic, N.J., 1926","Textile workers--Labor unions","Textile workers--United States","Textile Workers Union of America.","Textile Workers Union of America. Convention","United States -- National Labor Relations Act","United Steelworkers of America.","Wages -- United States -- Statistics.","Textile workers--Wages"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Compensation (Law)--United States.","American Federation of Hosiery Workers. North Jersey District Council","Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America","Employee fringe benefits -- United States -- Statistics.","Employee fringe benefits.","Labor laws and legislation -- United States","Textile industry--United States.","Textile workers","Textile workers—Wages","Textile Workers' Strike, Passaic, N.J., 1926","Textile workers--Labor unions","Textile workers--United States","Textile Workers Union of America.","Textile Workers Union of America. Convention","United States -- National Labor Relations Act","United Steelworkers of America.","Wages -- United States -- Statistics.","Textile workers--Wages"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.00 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["6.00 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was kept in the order it was received. The collection contains 6 boxes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection was kept in the order it was received. The collection contains 6 boxes."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJack Rubenstein, was a labor-union official who led efforts to organize textile workers in the 1920's and later became a vice president of the New York State A.F.L.-C.I.O.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMr. Rubenstein was a picket captain in the Passaic woolen strike that began early in 1926 and lasted for 13 months, in which Communist-led organizing groups sought to unionize textile plants throughout northeastern New Jersey. He was arrested 30 times during picket line clashes there and later during strikes in New Bedford and Fall River, Mass., and in Providence, R.I.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMr. Rubenstein broke with the Communist union leadership and was expelled from the National Textile Workers Union. In 1933 he led a strike of 20,000 textile dyers and printers in Paterson, N.J., and became an organizer for the Federation of Dyers, Finishers and Printers that resulted from the strike.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1937 he joined the Textile Workers Union of America, a predecessor of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers. He managed the union's New York Joint Board and was its New York State director before retiring in 1973 as a vice president of the union and of the state A.F.L.-C.I.O.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJack Rubenstein died in Margate, Fla., where he lived. He was 81 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by New York Times News Service\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jack Rubenstein, was a labor-union official who led efforts to organize textile workers in the 1920's and later became a vice president of the New York State A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Mr. Rubenstein was a picket captain in the Passaic woolen strike that began early in 1926 and lasted for 13 months, in which Communist-led organizing groups sought to unionize textile plants throughout northeastern New Jersey. He was arrested 30 times during picket line clashes there and later during strikes in New Bedford and Fall River, Mass., and in Providence, R.I.","Mr. Rubenstein broke with the Communist union leadership and was expelled from the National Textile Workers Union. In 1933 he led a strike of 20,000 textile dyers and printers in Paterson, N.J., and became an organizer for the Federation of Dyers, Finishers and Printers that resulted from the strike.","In 1937 he joined the Textile Workers Union of America, a predecessor of the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers. He managed the union's New York Joint Board and was its New York State director before retiring in 1973 as a vice president of the union and of the state A.F.L.-C.I.O.","Jack Rubenstein died in Margate, Fla., where he lived. He was 81 years old.","Note written by New York Times News Service"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains boxes that hold paperwork corresponding to specific meetings and the outcomes of the meetings in relation to unions and textile workers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains boxes that hold paperwork corresponding to specific meetings and the outcomes of the meetings in relation to unions and textile workers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections \u0026amp; University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections","Rubenstein, Jack"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Rubenstein, Jack"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":123,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870844548363583488,"_root_":"f6f709f44c3218628dd92420","timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:33:15.761Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f6f709f44c3218628dd92420"}},{"id":"c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10237","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Jackson, Ervin Albert, 1901-1977","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10237#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_10237","ref_ssm":["aspace_10237","aspace_10237"],"id":"c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10237","title_filing_ssi":"Jackson, Ervin Albert ","title_ssm":["Jackson, Ervin Albert "],"title_tesim":["Jackson, Ervin Albert "],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1901-1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1901-1977"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jackson, Ervin Albert, 1901-1977"],"text":["Jackson, Ervin Albert, 1901-1977","Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991","Armwood Family Papers","General Family papers","Alexander, Marzell Orsely - Marriages","Folder 28","/repositories/2/archival_objects/52581","box 1","folder 28"],"component_level_isim":[4],"parent_ids_ssim":["c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f","c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10372","c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10303","c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10275"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991","Armwood Family Papers","General Family papers","Alexander, Marzell Orsely - Marriages"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991","Armwood Family Papers","General Family papers","Alexander, Marzell Orsely - Marriages"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Record Group","Series","Box"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 28","/repositories/2/archival_objects/52581"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":31,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["None.  The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/for more information."],"date_range_isim":[1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 28"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#0/components#27","_nest_parent_":"c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10275","_root_":"c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f","_version_":1870862844562505728,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T09:24:04.373Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f","title_ssm":["Armwood Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Armwood Family papers"],"ead_ssi":"c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f","unitdate_ssm":["1866-1991"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-1991"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-1991-02","/repositories/2/resources/321"],"text":["MS-1991-02","/repositories/2/resources/321","Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991","Tampa (Fla.)","Armwood family -- Correspondence","African American business enterprises -- Tampa","African Americans -- Politics and government","African American families","African American pioneers -- Florida -- Hillsborough County","The collection is divided into two record groups: (1) Armwood Family papers; (2) Armwood Family photographs.","Record Group (1) is further subdivided into three sub-groups: (1) General Family papers; (2) Blanche Armwood papers; (3) Walter Armwood.","Within each subgroup, items are arranged alphabetically by name, by type of material, or chronologically.","In 1866, the Armwood family settled near the Alafia River in Seffner, FL. Over the years, the family played a major role in the social and political development of Hillsborough County, especially as related to the area's African American community.","In 1878, family patriarch Levin Armwood (1854 - 1936) married Margaret Holloman (1862 - 1936), the daughter of Hillsborough County pioneer Adam Holloman. Levin and Margaret Armwood had five children:  Walter Adam (1879 - 1944), Idella (1881 - 1968), James (1883 - 1889), Henry (1884 - 1885), and Blanche (1890 - 1939).","A citrus-grower by trade, Levin Armwood, Jr. served as Hillsborough County's first African American deputy sheriff, Supervisor of County Roads, and Postmaster; he was also the first African American police officer for the city of Tampa.  In 1914, along with his son Walter, Levin Armwood opened the Gem Drugstore on Central Avenue, the first African-American owned drugstore in Tampa.","One of the most widely recognized members of the Armwood family, Blanche Armwood, is regarded as one of Hillsborough County's most prominent women of the early 20th century. An educator and speaker who rose to national heights, Blanche Armwood began her professional career as a teacher for Tampa's African American schools. In 1914, the same year that her family opened the Gem Drugstore, Blanche was contacted by the Tampa Gas Company to serve as a demonstrator. Later that year, Blanche Armwood established the Tampa School of Household Arts, where African American women and girls learned domestic science skills. She served as principal, instructor, and course developer for the school and eventually established a sister school, the New Orleans School of Domestic Science, in Louisiana. Based on Armwood's success, other domestic science schools were established in Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina. Other significant accomplishments of Blanche Armwood include appointment as Supervisor of Negro Schools for Hillsborough County (1926 - 1934) and co-founder and first executive secretary of the Tampa Urban League. In 1985, Armwood Senior High School was dedicated in her honor.","Walter Armwood III died on September 30, 2009.","published","Armwood, John, Oral History Cassette Tape and Transcript, USF Department of Anthropology African Americans in Florida Project, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.","The collection provides a general overview of the Armwood family's numerous accomplishments and professional and personal activities. Birth, marriage, and death certificates are included as well as photographs, correspondences, legal documents, military service records, newspaper clippings, brochures and other printed materials, diaries, manuscripts, and speeches.","None.  The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information.","Contains records and related materials documenting the professional and personal lives of the Armwood family, a pioneering African American family in Hillsborough County, Florida.","USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Tampa School of Household Arts","Armwood (family)","Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H.","Armwood, Blanche, 1890-1939","Armwood, Walter (1879-1944)","Armwood, Levin N. (1854-1936)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-1991-02","/repositories/2/resources/321"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1866-1991"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991"],"collection_title_tesim":["Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991"],"collection_ssim":["Armwood Family papers, 1866-1991"],"repository_ssm":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Tampa (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Tampa (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H.","Armwood (family)"],"creator_ssim":["Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H.","Armwood (family)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H."],"creator_famname_ssim":["Armwood (family)"],"creators_ssim":["Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H.","Armwood (family)"],"places_ssim":["Tampa (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["None.  The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Hazel Armwood Orsley, Burnie H. Orsley, and John H. Armwood","Donation"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Armwood family -- Correspondence","African American business enterprises -- Tampa","African Americans -- Politics and government","African American families","African American pioneers -- Florida -- Hillsborough County"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Armwood family -- Correspondence","African American business enterprises -- Tampa","African Americans -- Politics and government","African American families","African American pioneers -- Florida -- Hillsborough County"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["7.5 Linear Feet","15 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["7.5 Linear Feet","15 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into two record groups:\u0026#xA0;(1) Armwood Family papers; (2) Armwood Family photographs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRecord Group (1) is further subdivided into three sub-groups: (1) General Family papers; (2) Blanche Armwood papers; (3) Walter Armwood.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWithin each subgroup, items are arranged alphabetically by name, by type of material, or chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into two record groups: (1) Armwood Family papers; (2) Armwood Family photographs.","Record Group (1) is further subdivided into three sub-groups: (1) General Family papers; (2) Blanche Armwood papers; (3) Walter Armwood.","Within each subgroup, items are arranged alphabetically by name, by type of material, or chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1866, the Armwood family settled near the Alafia River in Seffner, FL. Over the years, the family played a major role in the social and political development of Hillsborough County, especially as related to the area's African American community.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1878, family patriarch Levin Armwood (1854 - 1936) married Margaret Holloman (1862 - 1936), the daughter of Hillsborough County pioneer Adam Holloman. Levin and Margaret Armwood had five children:\u0026#xA0; Walter Adam (1879 - 1944), Idella (1881 - 1968), James (1883 - 1889), Henry (1884 - 1885), and Blanche (1890 - 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA citrus-grower by trade, Levin Armwood, Jr. served as Hillsborough County's first African American deputy sheriff, Supervisor of County Roads, and Postmaster; he was also the first African American police officer for the city of Tampa.\u0026#xA0; In 1914, along with his son Walter, Levin Armwood opened the Gem Drugstore on Central Avenue, the first African-American owned drugstore in Tampa.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne of the most widely recognized members of the Armwood family, Blanche Armwood, is regarded as one of Hillsborough County's most prominent women of the early 20th century. An educator and speaker who rose to national heights, Blanche Armwood began her professional career as a teacher for Tampa's African American schools. In 1914, the same year that her family opened the Gem Drugstore, Blanche was contacted by the Tampa Gas Company to serve as a demonstrator. Later that year, Blanche Armwood established the Tampa School of Household Arts, where African American women and girls learned domestic science skills. She served as principal, instructor, and course developer for the school and eventually established a sister school, the New Orleans School of Domestic Science, in Louisiana. Based on Armwood's success, other domestic science schools were established in Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina. Other significant accomplishments of Blanche Armwood include appointment as Supervisor of Negro Schools for Hillsborough County (1926 - 1934) and co-founder and first executive secretary of the Tampa Urban League. In 1985, Armwood Senior High School was dedicated in her honor.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWalter Armwood III died on September 30, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1866, the Armwood family settled near the Alafia River in Seffner, FL. Over the years, the family played a major role in the social and political development of Hillsborough County, especially as related to the area's African American community.","In 1878, family patriarch Levin Armwood (1854 - 1936) married Margaret Holloman (1862 - 1936), the daughter of Hillsborough County pioneer Adam Holloman. Levin and Margaret Armwood had five children:  Walter Adam (1879 - 1944), Idella (1881 - 1968), James (1883 - 1889), Henry (1884 - 1885), and Blanche (1890 - 1939).","A citrus-grower by trade, Levin Armwood, Jr. served as Hillsborough County's first African American deputy sheriff, Supervisor of County Roads, and Postmaster; he was also the first African American police officer for the city of Tampa.  In 1914, along with his son Walter, Levin Armwood opened the Gem Drugstore on Central Avenue, the first African-American owned drugstore in Tampa.","One of the most widely recognized members of the Armwood family, Blanche Armwood, is regarded as one of Hillsborough County's most prominent women of the early 20th century. An educator and speaker who rose to national heights, Blanche Armwood began her professional career as a teacher for Tampa's African American schools. In 1914, the same year that her family opened the Gem Drugstore, Blanche was contacted by the Tampa Gas Company to serve as a demonstrator. Later that year, Blanche Armwood established the Tampa School of Household Arts, where African American women and girls learned domestic science skills. She served as principal, instructor, and course developer for the school and eventually established a sister school, the New Orleans School of Domestic Science, in Louisiana. Based on Armwood's success, other domestic science schools were established in Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina. Other significant accomplishments of Blanche Armwood include appointment as Supervisor of Negro Schools for Hillsborough County (1926 - 1934) and co-founder and first executive secretary of the Tampa Urban League. In 1985, Armwood Senior High School was dedicated in her honor.","Walter Armwood III died on September 30, 2009."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003epublished\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Other Descriptive Information"],"odd_tesim":["published"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArmwood Family papers, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Armwood Family papers, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArmwood, John, Oral History Cassette Tape and Transcript, USF Department of Anthropology African Americans in Florida Project, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Armwood, John, Oral History Cassette Tape and Transcript, USF Department of Anthropology African Americans in Florida Project, USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection provides a general overview of the Armwood family's numerous accomplishments and professional and personal activities. Birth, marriage, and death certificates are included as well as photographs, correspondences, legal documents, military service records, newspaper clippings, brochures and other printed materials, diaries, manuscripts, and speeches.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection provides a general overview of the Armwood family's numerous accomplishments and professional and personal activities. Birth, marriage, and death certificates are included as well as photographs, correspondences, legal documents, military service records, newspaper clippings, brochures and other printed materials, diaries, manuscripts, and speeches."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u0026#xA0; The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright.\u0026#xA0;Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at \u003cextref href=\"http://www.copyright.gov/%C2%A0\"\u003ehttp://www.copyright.gov/\u003c/extref\u003efor more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None.  The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_81e99fc8b773af13029cdc4b08316f63\"\u003eContains records and related materials documenting the professional and personal lives of the Armwood family, a pioneering African American family in Hillsborough County, Florida.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Contains records and related materials documenting the professional and personal lives of the Armwood family, a pioneering African American family in Hillsborough County, Florida."],"names_coll_ssim":["Tampa School of Household Arts","Armwood, Blanche, 1890-1939","Armwood, Walter (1879-1944)","Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H.","Armwood, Levin N. (1854-1936)"],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Tampa School of Household Arts","Armwood (family)","Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H.","Armwood, Blanche, 1890-1939","Armwood, Walter (1879-1944)","Armwood, Levin N. (1854-1936)"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","Tampa School of Household Arts"],"famname_ssim":["Armwood (family)"],"persname_ssim":["Orsley, Hazel Armwood , -2008","Orsley, Burnie H.","Armwood, John H.","Armwood, Blanche, 1890-1939","Armwood, Walter (1879-1944)","Armwood, Levin N. (1854-1936)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":231,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870862844562505728,"_root_":"c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f","timestamp":"2026-07-16T09:24:04.373Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/c19980b2cfadd701036fe64f_aspace_10237"}},{"id":"5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62_aspace_07fb4a903c2f1a6d7eeabc42a0210cce","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Jackson, Jacqueline, 1970-1988","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62_aspace_07fb4a903c2f1a6d7eeabc42a0210cce#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_07fb4a903c2f1a6d7eeabc42a0210cce","ref_ssm":["aspace_07fb4a903c2f1a6d7eeabc42a0210cce","aspace_07fb4a903c2f1a6d7eeabc42a0210cce"],"id":"5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62_aspace_07fb4a903c2f1a6d7eeabc42a0210cce","title_filing_ssi":"Jackson, Jacqueline","title_ssm":["Jackson, Jacqueline"],"title_tesim":["Jackson, Jacqueline"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1970-1988"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1970-1988"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jackson, Jacqueline, 1970-1988"],"text":["Jackson, Jacqueline, 1970-1988","Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006","Writings by others","/repositories/2/archival_objects/29561","box 61","folder 10"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62","5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62_aspace_60421e776c845bf7cd0dc7e916c56d99"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006","Writings by others"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006","Writings by others"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/29561"],"repository_ssim":["AARLCC Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1544,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The Niara Sudarkasa Collection is open for research."],"date_range_isim":[1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"containers_ssim":["box 61","folder 10"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#693","_nest_parent_":"5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62_aspace_60421e776c845bf7cd0dc7e916c56d99","_root_":"5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62","timestamp":"2026-04-21T02:08:51.248Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62","title_filing_ssi":"Sudarkasa, Niara Collection","title_ssm":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection"],"title_tesim":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection"],"ead_ssi":"5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62","unitdate_ssm":["1934-2006"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1934-2006"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["AARLCC.2006.4","/repositories/2/resources/51"],"text":["AARLCC.2006.4","/repositories/2/resources/51","Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006","Bahamian Americans","Correspondence","Photographs","plaques (flat objects)","Periodicals","The Niara Sudarkasa Collection is open for research.","View a selection of digitized materials from the Niara Sudarkasa Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives.","Niara Sudarkasa, born Gloria Albertha Marshall to a Bahamian immigrant family on August 14, 1938, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, demonstrated exceptional academic promise from an early age. She graduated from Dillard High School at just 14 years old and, at 15, entered Fisk University on a Ford Foundation scholarship to study English. Her intellectual journey deepened at Oberlin College, where exposure to courses on the African diaspora inspired her to change her major to Sociology-Anthropology, earning her bachelor's degree in 1957.","Gloria enrolled at Columbia University in New York, where she pursued graduate studies in Anthropology. She earned both her Master's (1959) and Ph.D. degrees in (1964), becoming the first African American woman to teach at Columbia University. Following the completion of her doctorate, Dr. Sudarkasa was appointed assistant professor of anthropology at New York University (1970-1976), again marking a historic first for an African American woman. ","Gloria Albertha Marshall adopted the name Niara Sudarkasa to reflect her evolving identity as a cultural bridge between African Americans and continental Africans. Her name change marked a deepening commitment to diasporic connection and cultural reclamation.\nAt the University of Michigan, Dr. Sudarkasa continued to break barriers, becoming the first African American faculty member in the Department of Anthropology. From 1978 to 1981, she served as Associate Director of the Center for Afro-American and African Studies, advancing scholarship and institutional support for African diaspora research.","In 1986, she became the first female president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a role she held until 1998. Her scholarship increasingly centered on the lives of women in West Africa and the enduring strength of the Black family. Her work in Nigeria earned her recognition from the royal court: in 2001, His Royal Majesty Aláyélúwà Ọba Ọkúnadé Sijuwade Olúbùsẹ II of the Royal Court of Ifẹ́ conferred upon her the chieftaincy title Yèyé Olókun Ìgbàdérò. She was the first African American to receive this honor from the Ifẹ́ Kingdom.","Following her retirement from higher education, Dr. Sudarkasa returned to her hometown of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where she became the first scholar-in-residence at the newly opened African American Research Library and Cultural Center in 2002.\nDr. Sudarkasa was married to John L. Clark and was the mother of Michael Sudarkasa. She passed away on May 31, 2019, at the age of 80, leaving behind a legacy of scholarship, leadership, and cultural stewardship.","The Niara Sudarkasa Collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection. ","Parts of the collection have received file level processing. From January 2022 to May 2024, FIU interns, Emmanuel George, and Dominique St. Victor processed \"Series I. Correspondence\" and \"Series III. Professional Papers, Sub-series 1. Writings by Niara Sudarkasa and Sub-series 2. Writings by Others\" as part of the WPHL-FIU Community Data Curation grant.","The Niara Sudarkasa Collection documents the career of anthropologist, Africanist, professor, and university president Dr. Niara Sudarkasa. The collection contains correspondence, scholarly writings, publications, research files, audio visual materials, awards, and business papers dating from 1934 to 2006. The collection also includes Dr. Sudarka's personal library of more than 2,500 books, journals, and pamphlets. The collection highlights Dr. Sudarkasa's professional achievements including becoming the first woman president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania and first Black faculty member of the Anthropology Department at the University of Michigan. Her papers are a unique resource on Yoruba language and culture, ethnic groups in higher education, and the Black Power Movement in the United States. They also document her work to strengthen international programs at Lincoln and the University of Michigan.","Books from this collection were cataloged in the Broward County Library catalog with the prefix \"SUD\".","AARLCC Special Collections","University of Michigan. Department of Anthropology","Lincoln University (Pa.)","Sudarkasa, Niara","English"],"unitid_tesim":["AARLCC.2006.4","/repositories/2/resources/51"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1934-2006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006"],"collection_title_tesim":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006"],"collection_ssim":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection, 1934-2006"],"repository_ssm":["AARLCC Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["AARLCC Special Collections"],"creator_ssm":["Sudarkasa, Niara"],"creator_ssim":["Sudarkasa, Niara"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Sudarkasa, Niara"],"creators_ssim":["Sudarkasa, Niara"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Niara Sudarkasa donated the materials to the AARLCC Special Collections on October 17, 2006 (Accession AARLCC-2006.4)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bahamian Americans","Correspondence","Photographs","plaques (flat objects)","Periodicals"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bahamian Americans","Correspondence","Photographs","plaques (flat objects)","Periodicals"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["400 Hollinger Boxes","410 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["400 Hollinger Boxes","410 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Photographs","plaques (flat objects)","Periodicals"],"date_range_isim":[1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Niara Sudarkasa Collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The Niara Sudarkasa Collection is open for research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://digitalarchives.broward.org/digital/collection/nsb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eView a selection of digitized materials from the Niara Sudarkasa Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Digitized Materials"],"altformavail_tesim":["View a selection of digitized materials from the Niara Sudarkasa Collection in the Broward County Library Digital Archives."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNiara Sudarkasa, born Gloria Albertha Marshall to a Bahamian immigrant family on August 14, 1938, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, demonstrated exceptional academic promise from an early age. She graduated from Dillard High School at just 14 years old and, at 15, entered Fisk University on a Ford Foundation scholarship to study English. Her intellectual journey deepened at Oberlin College, where exposure to courses on the African diaspora inspired her to change her major to Sociology-Anthropology, earning her bachelor's degree in 1957.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGloria enrolled at Columbia University in New York, where she pursued graduate studies in Anthropology. She earned both her Master's (1959) and Ph.D. degrees in (1964), becoming the first African American woman to teach at Columbia University. Following the completion of her doctorate, Dr. Sudarkasa was appointed assistant professor of anthropology at New York University (1970-1976), again marking a historic first for an African American woman. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGloria Albertha Marshall adopted the name Niara Sudarkasa to reflect her evolving identity as a cultural bridge between African Americans and continental Africans. Her name change marked a deepening commitment to diasporic connection and cultural reclamation.\nAt the University of Michigan, Dr. Sudarkasa continued to break barriers, becoming the first African American faculty member in the Department of Anthropology. From 1978 to 1981, she served as Associate Director of the Center for Afro-American and African Studies, advancing scholarship and institutional support for African diaspora research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1986, she became the first female president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a role she held until 1998. Her scholarship increasingly centered on the lives of women in West Africa and the enduring strength of the Black family. Her work in Nigeria earned her recognition from the royal court: in 2001, His Royal Majesty Al\u0026#xE1;y\u0026#xE9;l\u0026#xFA;w\u0026#xE0; \u0026#x1ECC;ba \u0026#x1ECC;k\u0026#xFA;nad\u0026#xE9; Sijuwade Ol\u0026#xFA;b\u0026#xF9;s\u0026#x1EB9; II of the Royal Court of If\u0026#x1EB9;\u0026#x301; conferred upon her the chieftaincy title Y\u0026#xE8;y\u0026#xE9; Ol\u0026#xF3;kun \u0026#xCC;gb\u0026#xE0;d\u0026#xE9;r\u0026#xF2;. She was the first African American to receive this honor from the If\u0026#x1EB9;\u0026#x301; Kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFollowing her retirement from higher education, Dr. Sudarkasa returned to her hometown of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where she became the first scholar-in-residence at the newly opened African American Research Library and Cultural Center in 2002.\nDr. Sudarkasa was married to John L. Clark and was the mother of Michael Sudarkasa. She passed away on May 31, 2019, at the age of 80, leaving behind a legacy of scholarship, leadership, and cultural stewardship.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Niara Sudarkasa, born Gloria Albertha Marshall to a Bahamian immigrant family on August 14, 1938, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, demonstrated exceptional academic promise from an early age. She graduated from Dillard High School at just 14 years old and, at 15, entered Fisk University on a Ford Foundation scholarship to study English. Her intellectual journey deepened at Oberlin College, where exposure to courses on the African diaspora inspired her to change her major to Sociology-Anthropology, earning her bachelor's degree in 1957.","Gloria enrolled at Columbia University in New York, where she pursued graduate studies in Anthropology. She earned both her Master's (1959) and Ph.D. degrees in (1964), becoming the first African American woman to teach at Columbia University. Following the completion of her doctorate, Dr. Sudarkasa was appointed assistant professor of anthropology at New York University (1970-1976), again marking a historic first for an African American woman. ","Gloria Albertha Marshall adopted the name Niara Sudarkasa to reflect her evolving identity as a cultural bridge between African Americans and continental Africans. Her name change marked a deepening commitment to diasporic connection and cultural reclamation.\nAt the University of Michigan, Dr. Sudarkasa continued to break barriers, becoming the first African American faculty member in the Department of Anthropology. From 1978 to 1981, she served as Associate Director of the Center for Afro-American and African Studies, advancing scholarship and institutional support for African diaspora research.","In 1986, she became the first female president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a role she held until 1998. Her scholarship increasingly centered on the lives of women in West Africa and the enduring strength of the Black family. Her work in Nigeria earned her recognition from the royal court: in 2001, His Royal Majesty Aláyélúwà Ọba Ọkúnadé Sijuwade Olúbùsẹ II of the Royal Court of Ifẹ́ conferred upon her the chieftaincy title Yèyé Olókun Ìgbàdérò. She was the first African American to receive this honor from the Ifẹ́ Kingdom.","Following her retirement from higher education, Dr. Sudarkasa returned to her hometown of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where she became the first scholar-in-residence at the newly opened African American Research Library and Cultural Center in 2002.\nDr. Sudarkasa was married to John L. Clark and was the mother of Michael Sudarkasa. She passed away on May 31, 2019, at the age of 80, leaving behind a legacy of scholarship, leadership, and cultural stewardship."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNiara Sudarkasa Collection, African American Research Library and Cultural Center Special Collections, Broward County Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Niara Sudarkasa Collection, African American Research Library and Cultural Center Special Collections, Broward County Library."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Niara Sudarkasa Collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eParts of the collection have received file level processing. From January 2022 to May 2024, FIU interns, Emmanuel George, and Dominique St. Victor processed \"Series I. Correspondence\" and \"Series III. Professional Papers, Sub-series 1. Writings by Niara Sudarkasa and Sub-series 2. Writings by Others\" as part of the WPHL-FIU Community Data Curation grant.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Niara Sudarkasa Collection received container level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection. ","Parts of the collection have received file level processing. From January 2022 to May 2024, FIU interns, Emmanuel George, and Dominique St. Victor processed \"Series I. Correspondence\" and \"Series III. Professional Papers, Sub-series 1. Writings by Niara Sudarkasa and Sub-series 2. Writings by Others\" as part of the WPHL-FIU Community Data Curation grant."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Niara Sudarkasa Collection documents the career of anthropologist, Africanist, professor, and university president Dr. Niara Sudarkasa. The collection contains correspondence, scholarly writings, publications, research files, audio visual materials, awards, and business papers dating from 1934 to 2006. The collection also includes Dr. Sudarka's personal library of more than 2,500 books, journals, and pamphlets. The collection highlights Dr. Sudarkasa's professional achievements including becoming the first woman president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania and first Black faculty member of the Anthropology Department at the University of Michigan. Her papers are a unique resource on Yoruba language and culture, ethnic groups in higher education, and the Black Power Movement in the United States. They also document her work to strengthen international programs at Lincoln and the University of Michigan.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Niara Sudarkasa Collection documents the career of anthropologist, Africanist, professor, and university president Dr. Niara Sudarkasa. The collection contains correspondence, scholarly writings, publications, research files, audio visual materials, awards, and business papers dating from 1934 to 2006. The collection also includes Dr. Sudarka's personal library of more than 2,500 books, journals, and pamphlets. The collection highlights Dr. Sudarkasa's professional achievements including becoming the first woman president of Lincoln University in Pennsylvania and first Black faculty member of the Anthropology Department at the University of Michigan. Her papers are a unique resource on Yoruba language and culture, ethnic groups in higher education, and the Black Power Movement in the United States. They also document her work to strengthen international programs at Lincoln and the University of Michigan."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://broward.ent.sirsi.net/client/en_US/default/search/results?qu=SUD\u0026amp;qf=LOCATION%09Shelf+Location%091%3AAF-SPC%09AARLCC+Special+Collections\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBooks from this collection were cataloged in the Broward County Library catalog with the prefix \"SUD\".\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Access the Books"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Books from this collection were cataloged in the Broward County Library catalog with the prefix \"SUD\"."],"names_coll_ssim":["University of Michigan. Department of Anthropology","Lincoln University (Pa.)"],"names_ssim":["AARLCC Special Collections","University of Michigan. Department of Anthropology","Lincoln University (Pa.)","Sudarkasa, Niara"],"corpname_ssim":["AARLCC Special Collections","University of Michigan. Department of Anthropology","Lincoln University (Pa.)"],"persname_ssim":["Sudarkasa, Niara"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2760,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62","timestamp":"2026-04-21T02:08:51.248Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5c664f35ba84cce3023f6a62_aspace_07fb4a903c2f1a6d7eeabc42a0210cce"}},{"id":"5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains newspaper clippings which provide insight, commentary, and documentation on the Consolidation of the Jacksonville City and Duval County governments. \u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540","title_ssm":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection"],"title_tesim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection"],"ead_ssi":"5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540","unitdate_ssm":["1968-2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1968-2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2007.003","/repositories/3/resources/56"],"text":["2007.003","/repositories/3/resources/56","Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.","The Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal special supplements and commemorative editions provide extensive coverage of the Consolidation of the Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968.","The Jacksonville-Duval County Governmental Consolidation began in the mid-1960s as a response to the city of Jacksonville, Florida's complex urban problems and challenges which included: the loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes.","Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. ","After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967. A transitional planning period was established with just over a year to prepare for the official enactment of the new government.","On October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. ","The collection contains newspaper clippings which provide insight, commentary, and documentation on the Consolidation of the Jacksonville City and Duval County governments. ","Special Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal newspaper supplements from October 1, 1968, and Florida Times-Union supplement from October 1, 1969, provide extensive details on the history and background of the governmental merger. ","Additional newsclippings from the Florida Times-Union mark the consolidation anniversaries of 1993 and 2008 and provide updates on the changes and developments attributed to consolidation since 1968.","Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information","UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","English"],"unitid_tesim":["2007.003","/repositories/3/resources/56"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1968-2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008"],"collection_ssim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008"],"repository_ssm":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"repository_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creators_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"places_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century."],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was acquired through donation from Hans G. Tanzler, Jr., former Mayor of Jacksonville from 1967-1979 on October 18, 2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2.50 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal special supplements and commemorative editions provide extensive coverage of the Consolidation of the Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Jacksonville-Duval County Governmental Consolidation began in the mid-1960s as a response to the city of Jacksonville, Florida's complex urban problems and challenges which included: the loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMultiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967. A transitional planning period was established with just over a year to prepare for the official enactment of the new government.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal special supplements and commemorative editions provide extensive coverage of the Consolidation of the Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968.","The Jacksonville-Duval County Governmental Consolidation began in the mid-1960s as a response to the city of Jacksonville, Florida's complex urban problems and challenges which included: the loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes.","Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. ","After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967. A transitional planning period was established with just over a year to prepare for the official enactment of the new government.","On October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains newspaper clippings which provide insight, commentary, and documentation on the Consolidation of the Jacksonville City and Duval County governments. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal newspaper supplements from October 1, 1968, and Florida Times-Union supplement from October 1, 1969, provide extensive details on the history and background of the governmental merger. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional newsclippings from the Florida Times-Union mark the consolidation anniversaries of 1993 and 2008 and provide updates on the changes and developments attributed to consolidation since 1968.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains newspaper clippings which provide insight, commentary, and documentation on the Consolidation of the Jacksonville City and Duval County governments. ","Special Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal newspaper supplements from October 1, 1968, and Florida Times-Union supplement from October 1, 1969, provide extensive details on the history and background of the governmental merger. ","Additional newsclippings from the Florida Times-Union mark the consolidation anniversaries of 1993 and 2008 and provide updates on the changes and developments attributed to consolidation since 1968."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"names_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"corpname_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540","timestamp":"2026-07-09T03:23:11.715Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540","title_ssm":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection"],"title_tesim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection"],"ead_ssi":"5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540","unitdate_ssm":["1968-2008"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1968-2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2007.003","/repositories/3/resources/56"],"text":["2007.003","/repositories/3/resources/56","Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.","The Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal special supplements and commemorative editions provide extensive coverage of the Consolidation of the Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968.","The Jacksonville-Duval County Governmental Consolidation began in the mid-1960s as a response to the city of Jacksonville, Florida's complex urban problems and challenges which included: the loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes.","Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. ","After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967. A transitional planning period was established with just over a year to prepare for the official enactment of the new government.","On October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. ","The collection contains newspaper clippings which provide insight, commentary, and documentation on the Consolidation of the Jacksonville City and Duval County governments. ","Special Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal newspaper supplements from October 1, 1968, and Florida Times-Union supplement from October 1, 1969, provide extensive details on the history and background of the governmental merger. ","Additional newsclippings from the Florida Times-Union mark the consolidation anniversaries of 1993 and 2008 and provide updates on the changes and developments attributed to consolidation since 1968.","Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information","UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","English"],"unitid_tesim":["2007.003","/repositories/3/resources/56"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1968-2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008"],"collection_ssim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, 1968-2008"],"repository_ssm":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"repository_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creators_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"places_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century."],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was acquired through donation from Hans G. Tanzler, Jr., former Mayor of Jacksonville from 1967-1979 on October 18, 2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2.50 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal special supplements and commemorative editions provide extensive coverage of the Consolidation of the Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Jacksonville-Duval County Governmental Consolidation began in the mid-1960s as a response to the city of Jacksonville, Florida's complex urban problems and challenges which included: the loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMultiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967. A transitional planning period was established with just over a year to prepare for the official enactment of the new government.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal special supplements and commemorative editions provide extensive coverage of the Consolidation of the Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968.","The Jacksonville-Duval County Governmental Consolidation began in the mid-1960s as a response to the city of Jacksonville, Florida's complex urban problems and challenges which included: the loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes.","Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. ","After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967. A transitional planning period was established with just over a year to prepare for the official enactment of the new government.","On October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Jacksonville Consolidation Newspaper Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains newspaper clippings which provide insight, commentary, and documentation on the Consolidation of the Jacksonville City and Duval County governments. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal newspaper supplements from October 1, 1968, and Florida Times-Union supplement from October 1, 1969, provide extensive details on the history and background of the governmental merger. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional newsclippings from the Florida Times-Union mark the consolidation anniversaries of 1993 and 2008 and provide updates on the changes and developments attributed to consolidation since 1968.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains newspaper clippings which provide insight, commentary, and documentation on the Consolidation of the Jacksonville City and Duval County governments. ","Special Florida Times-Union and Jacksonville Journal newspaper supplements from October 1, 1968, and Florida Times-Union supplement from October 1, 1969, provide extensive details on the history and background of the governmental merger. ","Additional newsclippings from the Florida Times-Union mark the consolidation anniversaries of 1993 and 2008 and provide updates on the changes and developments attributed to consolidation since 1968."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \" fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"names_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"corpname_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":5,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540","timestamp":"2026-07-09T03:23:11.715Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/5ea4751f36ac6f8996ee3540"}},{"id":"b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains selective print newspapers, sections and clippings of The Florida Times-Union and the Jacksonville Journal which detail and document Northeast Florida history from 1890 to date. Anniversary and commemorative editions, and selective daily newspapers describe historical developments, the achievements of notable figures, and provide valuable insights into daily life in Northeast Florida. A preponderance of articles feature commentary and analysis on Jacksonville's growth and development through the twentieth century. The earliest newspapers are souvenir trade editions dated 1890; the vast majority of the selective papers date from the late twentieth century to the current decade. The additional selective newspapers in the collection mark significant local subjects, events, people, and places. Topics include: Race relations, mayoral elections, deaths of area leaders, St. John's River, September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, hurricanes and tropical storms, notable local authors, architecture and building developments, and urban issues. Of note is the continuity of certain subjects, such as race relations, downtown development, and pollution in the St. Johns River, which are recurring themes in articles over many years.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598","title_ssm":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection"],"title_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection"],"ead_ssi":"b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598","unitdate_ssm":["1890-2012"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-2012"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2012.005","/repositories/3/resources/57"],"text":["2012.005","/repositories/3/resources/57","Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government.","Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","Great Fire, Jacksonville, Fla., 1901.","American newspapers--Florida--Jacksonville.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--History.","Printed materials","Publications","The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.","The Florida Times-Union newspaper began publication in 1864 as the Florida Union, a date marking it as the oldest newspaper in Florida. In 1883, it merged with another Jacksonville newspaper, The Florida Daily Times, and it has been known ever since as the major daily newspaper serving Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region. The FTU's Centennial Edition, Crowning a Century in Florida: 1864-1964, provides an illuminating overview of the paper's 100 year history, as well as serving as an important primary resource for researchers. Other special supplements and commemorative editions of the FTU provide extensive coverage of pivotal local events and eras, such as the Consolidation of Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968, and the Year 2000 millennium.\nThe Jacksonville Journal began publication in 1887 as the Metropolis, later the Florida Metropolis. In 1922, it was purchased by Joseph H. Perry and renamed the Jacksonville Journal. The Florida Publishing Co. (parent company of The Florida Times-Union) purchased the Journal in 1959, and it remained the chief Jacksonville afternoon paper until it ceased publication on October 28, 1988. One year before its demise, the Journal published an extensive 100th Anniversary edition, 1887-1987, which is particularly valuable for providing historical details in sections titled Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Expositions and Moving Pictures, Business, and the Military.\nHistory of Jacksonville - Duval County Governmental Consolidation: In the mid-1960s, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, faced complex urban problems and challenges: loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes vis-a-vis the quality of governmental services. Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967, which ushered in a transitional planning period of just over a year to prepare for the official establishment of the new government.\nOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. Other changes and improvements attributed to consolidation evolved gradually over the years: a better education system, cleaning up of the St. Johns River, expansion of law enforcement, fire, electrical and rescue service to outlying areas, lower tax rate and a broader tax base leading to major civic improvements and public works programs. Historians and observers also attribute other intangible effects to consolidation, such as a more positive image and higher visibility for the city, the creation of more jobs as businesses relocated to Jacksonville, significant local economic development and growth, the opening of a public University (UNF) in 1972, the addition in 1993 of an NFL franchise team (Jacksonville Jaguars), and the competitive advantage of hosting the 2005 Super Bowl.","Note written by ","The collection contains selective print newspapers, sections and clippings of The Florida Times-Union and the Jacksonville Journal which detail and document Northeast Florida history from 1890 to date. Anniversary and commemorative editions, and selective daily newspapers describe historical developments, the achievements of notable figures, and provide valuable insights into daily life in Northeast Florida. A preponderance of articles feature commentary and analysis on Jacksonville's growth and development through the twentieth century. The earliest newspapers are souvenir trade editions dated 1890; the vast majority of the selective papers date from the late twentieth century to the current decade.\nThe additional selective newspapers in the collection mark significant local subjects, events, people, and places. Topics include: Race relations, mayoral elections, deaths of area leaders, St. John's River, September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, hurricanes and tropical storms, notable local authors, architecture and building developments, and urban issues. Of note is the continuity of certain subjects, such as race relations, downtown development, and pollution in the St. Johns River, which are recurring themes in articles over many years.","Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information","UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)","Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003","English"],"unitid_tesim":["2012.005","/repositories/3/resources/57"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1890-2012"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012"],"collection_ssim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012"],"repository_ssm":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"repository_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government."],"geogname_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government."],"creator_ssm":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creators_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"places_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government."],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was acquired through donation, 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","Great Fire, Jacksonville, Fla., 1901.","American newspapers--Florida--Jacksonville.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--History.","Printed materials","Publications"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","Great Fire, Jacksonville, Fla., 1901.","American newspapers--Florida--Jacksonville.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--History.","Printed materials","Publications"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["6.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Printed materials","Publications"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Florida Times-Union newspaper began publication in 1864 as the Florida Union, a date marking it as the oldest newspaper in Florida. In 1883, it merged with another Jacksonville newspaper, The Florida Daily Times, and it has been known ever since as the major daily newspaper serving Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region. The FTU's Centennial Edition, Crowning a Century in Florida: 1864-1964, provides an illuminating overview of the paper's 100 year history, as well as serving as an important primary resource for researchers. Other special supplements and commemorative editions of the FTU provide extensive coverage of pivotal local events and eras, such as the Consolidation of Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968, and the Year 2000 millennium.\nThe Jacksonville Journal began publication in 1887 as the Metropolis, later the Florida Metropolis. In 1922, it was purchased by Joseph H. Perry and renamed the Jacksonville Journal. The Florida Publishing Co. (parent company of The Florida Times-Union) purchased the Journal in 1959, and it remained the chief Jacksonville afternoon paper until it ceased publication on October 28, 1988. One year before its demise, the Journal published an extensive 100th Anniversary edition, 1887-1987, which is particularly valuable for providing historical details in sections titled Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Expositions and Moving Pictures, Business, and the Military.\nHistory of Jacksonville - Duval County Governmental Consolidation: In the mid-1960s, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, faced complex urban problems and challenges: loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes vis-a-vis the quality of governmental services. Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967, which ushered in a transitional planning period of just over a year to prepare for the official establishment of the new government.\nOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. Other changes and improvements attributed to consolidation evolved gradually over the years: a better education system, cleaning up of the St. Johns River, expansion of law enforcement, fire, electrical and rescue service to outlying areas, lower tax rate and a broader tax base leading to major civic improvements and public works programs. Historians and observers also attribute other intangible effects to consolidation, such as a more positive image and higher visibility for the city, the creation of more jobs as businesses relocated to Jacksonville, significant local economic development and growth, the opening of a public University (UNF) in 1972, the addition in 1993 of an NFL franchise team (Jacksonville Jaguars), and the competitive advantage of hosting the 2005 Super Bowl.","Note written by "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains selective print newspapers, sections and clippings of The Florida Times-Union and the Jacksonville Journal which detail and document Northeast Florida history from 1890 to date. Anniversary and commemorative editions, and selective daily newspapers describe historical developments, the achievements of notable figures, and provide valuable insights into daily life in Northeast Florida. A preponderance of articles feature commentary and analysis on Jacksonville's growth and development through the twentieth century. The earliest newspapers are souvenir trade editions dated 1890; the vast majority of the selective papers date from the late twentieth century to the current decade.\nThe additional selective newspapers in the collection mark significant local subjects, events, people, and places. Topics include: Race relations, mayoral elections, deaths of area leaders, St. John's River, September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, hurricanes and tropical storms, notable local authors, architecture and building developments, and urban issues. Of note is the continuity of certain subjects, such as race relations, downtown development, and pollution in the St. Johns River, which are recurring themes in articles over many years.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains selective print newspapers, sections and clippings of The Florida Times-Union and the Jacksonville Journal which detail and document Northeast Florida history from 1890 to date. Anniversary and commemorative editions, and selective daily newspapers describe historical developments, the achievements of notable figures, and provide valuable insights into daily life in Northeast Florida. A preponderance of articles feature commentary and analysis on Jacksonville's growth and development through the twentieth century. The earliest newspapers are souvenir trade editions dated 1890; the vast majority of the selective papers date from the late twentieth century to the current decade.\nThe additional selective newspapers in the collection mark significant local subjects, events, people, and places. Topics include: Race relations, mayoral elections, deaths of area leaders, St. John's River, September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, hurricanes and tropical storms, notable local authors, architecture and building developments, and urban issues. Of note is the continuity of certain subjects, such as race relations, downtown development, and pollution in the St. Johns River, which are recurring themes in articles over many years."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"names_coll_ssim":["Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)","Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003"],"names_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)","Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003"],"corpname_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)"],"persname_ssim":["Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":21,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870860549535825920,"_root_":"b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:47:35.670Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Florida Times-Union newspaper began publication in 1864 as the Florida Union, a date marking it as the oldest newspaper in Florida. In 1883, it merged with another Jacksonville newspaper, The Florida Daily Times, and it has been known ever since as the major daily newspaper serving Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region. The FTU's Centennial Edition, Crowning a Century in Florida: 1864-1964, provides an illuminating overview of the paper's 100 year history, as well as serving as an important primary resource for researchers. Other special supplements and commemorative editions of the FTU provide extensive coverage of pivotal local events and eras, such as the Consolidation of Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968, and the Year 2000 millennium.\nThe Jacksonville Journal began publication in 1887 as the Metropolis, later the Florida Metropolis. In 1922, it was purchased by Joseph H. Perry and renamed the Jacksonville Journal. The Florida Publishing Co. (parent company of The Florida Times-Union) purchased the Journal in 1959, and it remained the chief Jacksonville afternoon paper until it ceased publication on October 28, 1988. One year before its demise, the Journal published an extensive 100th Anniversary edition, 1887-1987, which is particularly valuable for providing historical details in sections titled Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Expositions and Moving Pictures, Business, and the Military.\nHistory of Jacksonville - Duval County Governmental Consolidation: In the mid-1960s, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, faced complex urban problems and challenges: loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes vis-a-vis the quality of governmental services. Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967, which ushered in a transitional planning period of just over a year to prepare for the official establishment of the new government.\nOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. Other changes and improvements attributed to consolidation evolved gradually over the years: a better education system, cleaning up of the St. Johns River, expansion of law enforcement, fire, electrical and rescue service to outlying areas, lower tax rate and a broader tax base leading to major civic improvements and public works programs. Historians and observers also attribute other intangible effects to consolidation, such as a more positive image and higher visibility for the city, the creation of more jobs as businesses relocated to Jacksonville, significant local economic development and growth, the opening of a public University (UNF) in 1972, the addition in 1993 of an NFL franchise team (Jacksonville Jaguars), and the competitive advantage of hosting the 2005 Super Bowl.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by \u003c/p\u003e"],"collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598","title_ssm":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection"],"title_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection"],"ead_ssi":"b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598","unitdate_ssm":["1890-2012"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-2012"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2012.005","/repositories/3/resources/57"],"text":["2012.005","/repositories/3/resources/57","Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government.","Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","Great Fire, Jacksonville, Fla., 1901.","American newspapers--Florida--Jacksonville.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--History.","Printed materials","Publications","The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.","The Florida Times-Union newspaper began publication in 1864 as the Florida Union, a date marking it as the oldest newspaper in Florida. In 1883, it merged with another Jacksonville newspaper, The Florida Daily Times, and it has been known ever since as the major daily newspaper serving Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region. The FTU's Centennial Edition, Crowning a Century in Florida: 1864-1964, provides an illuminating overview of the paper's 100 year history, as well as serving as an important primary resource for researchers. Other special supplements and commemorative editions of the FTU provide extensive coverage of pivotal local events and eras, such as the Consolidation of Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968, and the Year 2000 millennium.\nThe Jacksonville Journal began publication in 1887 as the Metropolis, later the Florida Metropolis. In 1922, it was purchased by Joseph H. Perry and renamed the Jacksonville Journal. The Florida Publishing Co. (parent company of The Florida Times-Union) purchased the Journal in 1959, and it remained the chief Jacksonville afternoon paper until it ceased publication on October 28, 1988. One year before its demise, the Journal published an extensive 100th Anniversary edition, 1887-1987, which is particularly valuable for providing historical details in sections titled Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Expositions and Moving Pictures, Business, and the Military.\nHistory of Jacksonville - Duval County Governmental Consolidation: In the mid-1960s, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, faced complex urban problems and challenges: loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes vis-a-vis the quality of governmental services. Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967, which ushered in a transitional planning period of just over a year to prepare for the official establishment of the new government.\nOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. Other changes and improvements attributed to consolidation evolved gradually over the years: a better education system, cleaning up of the St. Johns River, expansion of law enforcement, fire, electrical and rescue service to outlying areas, lower tax rate and a broader tax base leading to major civic improvements and public works programs. Historians and observers also attribute other intangible effects to consolidation, such as a more positive image and higher visibility for the city, the creation of more jobs as businesses relocated to Jacksonville, significant local economic development and growth, the opening of a public University (UNF) in 1972, the addition in 1993 of an NFL franchise team (Jacksonville Jaguars), and the competitive advantage of hosting the 2005 Super Bowl.","Note written by ","The collection contains selective print newspapers, sections and clippings of The Florida Times-Union and the Jacksonville Journal which detail and document Northeast Florida history from 1890 to date. Anniversary and commemorative editions, and selective daily newspapers describe historical developments, the achievements of notable figures, and provide valuable insights into daily life in Northeast Florida. A preponderance of articles feature commentary and analysis on Jacksonville's growth and development through the twentieth century. The earliest newspapers are souvenir trade editions dated 1890; the vast majority of the selective papers date from the late twentieth century to the current decade.\nThe additional selective newspapers in the collection mark significant local subjects, events, people, and places. Topics include: Race relations, mayoral elections, deaths of area leaders, St. John's River, September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, hurricanes and tropical storms, notable local authors, architecture and building developments, and urban issues. Of note is the continuity of certain subjects, such as race relations, downtown development, and pollution in the St. Johns River, which are recurring themes in articles over many years.","Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information","UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)","Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003","English"],"unitid_tesim":["2012.005","/repositories/3/resources/57"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1890-2012"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012"],"collection_ssim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, 1890-2012"],"repository_ssm":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"repository_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government."],"geogname_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government."],"creator_ssm":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"creators_ssim":["Florida Times-Union and Journal"],"places_ssim":["Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--History.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Fire, 1901.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Duval County (Fla.)--Politics and government--20th century.","Duval County (Fla.)--Newspapers.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--Politics and government."],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was acquired through donation, 2011."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","Great Fire, Jacksonville, Fla., 1901.","American newspapers--Florida--Jacksonville.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--History.","Printed materials","Publications"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Metropolitan government--Florida--Jacksonville.","Great Fire, Jacksonville, Fla., 1901.","American newspapers--Florida--Jacksonville.","Jacksonville (Fla.)--History.","Printed materials","Publications"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["6.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Printed materials","Publications"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Florida Times-Union newspaper began publication in 1864 as the Florida Union, a date marking it as the oldest newspaper in Florida. In 1883, it merged with another Jacksonville newspaper, The Florida Daily Times, and it has been known ever since as the major daily newspaper serving Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region. The FTU's Centennial Edition, Crowning a Century in Florida: 1864-1964, provides an illuminating overview of the paper's 100 year history, as well as serving as an important primary resource for researchers. Other special supplements and commemorative editions of the FTU provide extensive coverage of pivotal local events and eras, such as the Consolidation of Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968, and the Year 2000 millennium.\nThe Jacksonville Journal began publication in 1887 as the Metropolis, later the Florida Metropolis. In 1922, it was purchased by Joseph H. Perry and renamed the Jacksonville Journal. The Florida Publishing Co. (parent company of The Florida Times-Union) purchased the Journal in 1959, and it remained the chief Jacksonville afternoon paper until it ceased publication on October 28, 1988. One year before its demise, the Journal published an extensive 100th Anniversary edition, 1887-1987, which is particularly valuable for providing historical details in sections titled Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Expositions and Moving Pictures, Business, and the Military.\nHistory of Jacksonville - Duval County Governmental Consolidation: In the mid-1960s, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, faced complex urban problems and challenges: loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes vis-a-vis the quality of governmental services. Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967, which ushered in a transitional planning period of just over a year to prepare for the official establishment of the new government.\nOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. Other changes and improvements attributed to consolidation evolved gradually over the years: a better education system, cleaning up of the St. Johns River, expansion of law enforcement, fire, electrical and rescue service to outlying areas, lower tax rate and a broader tax base leading to major civic improvements and public works programs. Historians and observers also attribute other intangible effects to consolidation, such as a more positive image and higher visibility for the city, the creation of more jobs as businesses relocated to Jacksonville, significant local economic development and growth, the opening of a public University (UNF) in 1972, the addition in 1993 of an NFL franchise team (Jacksonville Jaguars), and the competitive advantage of hosting the 2005 Super Bowl.","Note written by "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Historical Newspapers Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains selective print newspapers, sections and clippings of The Florida Times-Union and the Jacksonville Journal which detail and document Northeast Florida history from 1890 to date. Anniversary and commemorative editions, and selective daily newspapers describe historical developments, the achievements of notable figures, and provide valuable insights into daily life in Northeast Florida. A preponderance of articles feature commentary and analysis on Jacksonville's growth and development through the twentieth century. The earliest newspapers are souvenir trade editions dated 1890; the vast majority of the selective papers date from the late twentieth century to the current decade.\nThe additional selective newspapers in the collection mark significant local subjects, events, people, and places. Topics include: Race relations, mayoral elections, deaths of area leaders, St. John's River, September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, hurricanes and tropical storms, notable local authors, architecture and building developments, and urban issues. Of note is the continuity of certain subjects, such as race relations, downtown development, and pollution in the St. Johns River, which are recurring themes in articles over many years.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains selective print newspapers, sections and clippings of The Florida Times-Union and the Jacksonville Journal which detail and document Northeast Florida history from 1890 to date. Anniversary and commemorative editions, and selective daily newspapers describe historical developments, the achievements of notable figures, and provide valuable insights into daily life in Northeast Florida. A preponderance of articles feature commentary and analysis on Jacksonville's growth and development through the twentieth century. The earliest newspapers are souvenir trade editions dated 1890; the vast majority of the selective papers date from the late twentieth century to the current decade.\nThe additional selective newspapers in the collection mark significant local subjects, events, people, and places. Topics include: Race relations, mayoral elections, deaths of area leaders, St. John's River, September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City, hurricanes and tropical storms, notable local authors, architecture and building developments, and urban issues. Of note is the continuity of certain subjects, such as race relations, downtown development, and pollution in the St. Johns River, which are recurring themes in articles over many years."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"names_coll_ssim":["Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)","Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003"],"names_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)","Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003"],"corpname_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Florida Times-Union and Journal","Florida Times-Union.","Jacksonville Journal (Jacksonville, Fla.)"],"persname_ssim":["Bennett, Charles E., 1910-2003"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":21,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870860549535825920,"_root_":"b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:47:35.670Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Florida Times-Union newspaper began publication in 1864 as the Florida Union, a date marking it as the oldest newspaper in Florida. In 1883, it merged with another Jacksonville newspaper, The Florida Daily Times, and it has been known ever since as the major daily newspaper serving Jacksonville and the Northeast Florida region. The FTU's Centennial Edition, Crowning a Century in Florida: 1864-1964, provides an illuminating overview of the paper's 100 year history, as well as serving as an important primary resource for researchers. Other special supplements and commemorative editions of the FTU provide extensive coverage of pivotal local events and eras, such as the Consolidation of Jacksonville-Duval County Governments in October 1968, and the Year 2000 millennium.\nThe Jacksonville Journal began publication in 1887 as the Metropolis, later the Florida Metropolis. In 1922, it was purchased by Joseph H. Perry and renamed the Jacksonville Journal. The Florida Publishing Co. (parent company of The Florida Times-Union) purchased the Journal in 1959, and it remained the chief Jacksonville afternoon paper until it ceased publication on October 28, 1988. One year before its demise, the Journal published an extensive 100th Anniversary edition, 1887-1987, which is particularly valuable for providing historical details in sections titled Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Expositions and Moving Pictures, Business, and the Military.\nHistory of Jacksonville - Duval County Governmental Consolidation: In the mid-1960s, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, faced complex urban problems and challenges: loss of accreditation for local high schools, outdated infrastructure of sewage and road systems, polluted air from pulp mills and chemical plants, rampant water pollution in the St. Johns River, numerous corruption charges and grand jury indictments of public officials, widespread areas of substandard housing, lack of rudimentary city services to outlying areas, and high property taxes vis-a-vis the quality of governmental services. Multiple governmental structures, including a City Commission, City Council, County Budget Committee, and County Commission, overlapped political jurisdictions which led to inefficient, costly and duplicative services. To ameliorate these problems, key Jacksonville business and civic leaders met in 1965, and decided the solution was to merge city and county governments. After considerable planning by a Local Government Study Commission, a \"Blueprint for Improvement\" (1966) and a proposed Charter (1967) for a new form of consolidated metropolitan government were submitted to the Duval Legislative Delegation. The Delegation amended the Charter and adopted it as a state law subject to voter approval. The Charter was ratified by local voters in a special referendum held on August 8, 1967, which ushered in a transitional planning period of just over a year to prepare for the official establishment of the new government.\nOn October 1, 1968, amidst much celebration, the merger abolishing separate city and county governments and instituting the only consolidated government in the State officially occurred. An often noted and quoted fact was that the City's population instantly more than doubled to over 500,000, making it the largest city in Florida (by population), and the largest city, in land area, in the continental United States. The merger streamlined government, with the establishment of one elected Mayor, one Sheriff's Office, and a nineteen seat City Council. Other changes and improvements attributed to consolidation evolved gradually over the years: a better education system, cleaning up of the St. Johns River, expansion of law enforcement, fire, electrical and rescue service to outlying areas, lower tax rate and a broader tax base leading to major civic improvements and public works programs. Historians and observers also attribute other intangible effects to consolidation, such as a more positive image and higher visibility for the city, the creation of more jobs as businesses relocated to Jacksonville, significant local economic development and growth, the opening of a public University (UNF) in 1972, the addition in 1993 of an NFL franchise team (Jacksonville Jaguars), and the competitive advantage of hosting the 2005 Super Bowl.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by \u003c/p\u003e"]}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/b45b9502824c5f4dc8166598"}},{"id":"3c4d02727b880014619304a6","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection, 1962-1973","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/3c4d02727b880014619304a6#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Taylor, George Dekle."],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/3c4d02727b880014619304a6#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the untiring efforts of Jacksonville physician Dr. George Dekle Taylor's twelve-year campaign leading a citizen group in opposition to \"the unsightly blemish of the advertising on bus benches which are haphazardly scattered over the community.\" Two other corollary concerns were that (a) the City and bus companies should provide additional, dignified benches with convenient locations for the bus riding public; and (b) the City investigate the legality of advertising on city property. Documents pertaining to activities, including primarily correspondence, City of Jacksonville Legal Division opinions and bills, City Commission of Jacksonville minutes, Florida Senate bills, bus bench surveys, television editorials, newspaper clippings, presentations and speeches, lists of bus routes, Dr. Dekle's handwritten notes, and photographs. Correspondents include one United States Senator, various Florida state legislators, Jacksonville mayors (Haydon Burns, Louis Ritter, Hans Tanzler), Jacksonville City Commissioners/Council members, City of Jacksonville Police/Recreation/Safety officials, Garden Club of Jacksonville members, individuals from Tallahassee and Orlando spearheading beautification efforts in their respective cities, and interested Jacksonville residents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/3c4d02727b880014619304a6#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"3c4d02727b880014619304a6","title_ssm":["Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection"],"title_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection"],"ead_ssi":"3c4d02727b880014619304a6","unitdate_ssm":["1962-1973"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1962-1973"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2003.002","/repositories/3/resources/55"],"text":["2003.002","/repositories/3/resources/55","Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection, 1962-1973","Benches.","Advertising, Outdoor--Florida--Jacksonville.","Bus lines--Florida--Jacksonville.","Signs and signboards--Florida--Jacksonville.","Urban beautification--Florida--Jacksonville.","Correspondence","Printed materials","The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.","Under Revision","This collection documents the untiring efforts of Jacksonville physician Dr. George Dekle Taylor's twelve-year campaign leading a citizen group in opposition to \"the unsightly blemish of the advertising on bus benches which are haphazardly scattered over the community.\" Two other corollary concerns were that (a) the City and bus companies should provide additional, dignified benches with convenient locations for the bus riding public; and (b) the City investigate the legality of advertising on city property.\nDocuments pertaining to activities, including primarily correspondence, City of Jacksonville Legal Division opinions and bills, City Commission of Jacksonville minutes, Florida Senate bills, bus bench surveys, television editorials, newspaper clippings, presentations and speeches, lists of bus routes, Dr. Dekle's handwritten notes, and photographs. Correspondents include one United States Senator, various Florida state legislators, Jacksonville mayors (Haydon Burns, Louis Ritter, Hans Tanzler), Jacksonville City Commissioners/Council members, City of Jacksonville Police/Recreation/Safety officials, Garden Club of Jacksonville members, individuals from Tallahassee and Orlando spearheading beautification efforts in their respective cities, and interested Jacksonville residents.","Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information","UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives","Taylor, George Dekle.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["2003.002","/repositories/3/resources/55"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1962-1973"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection, 1962-1973"],"collection_title_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection, 1962-1973"],"collection_ssim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection, 1962-1973"],"repository_ssm":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"repository_ssim":["UNF Library Special Collections and University Archives"],"creator_ssm":["Taylor, George Dekle."],"creator_ssim":["Taylor, George Dekle."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Taylor, George Dekle."],"creators_ssim":["Taylor, George Dekle."],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). 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Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was acquired through donation from Dr. David Swain, 2001"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Benches.","Advertising, Outdoor--Florida--Jacksonville.","Bus lines--Florida--Jacksonville.","Signs and signboards--Florida--Jacksonville.","Urban beautification--Florida--Jacksonville.","Correspondence","Printed materials"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Benches.","Advertising, Outdoor--Florida--Jacksonville.","Bus lines--Florida--Jacksonville.","Signs and signboards--Florida--Jacksonville.","Urban beautification--Florida--Jacksonville.","Correspondence","Printed materials"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Printed materials"],"date_range_isim":[1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research by appointment only. Please contact lib-special@unf.edu to schedule an appointment."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnder Revision\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Under Revision"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection, Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Jacksonville, Florida, Urban Beautification Project: Bus Benches Collection, Thomas G. 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Correspondents include one United States Senator, various Florida state legislators, Jacksonville mayors (Haydon Burns, Louis Ritter, Hans Tanzler), Jacksonville City Commissioners/Council members, City of Jacksonville Police/Recreation/Safety officials, Garden Club of Jacksonville members, individuals from Tallahassee and Orlando spearheading beautification efforts in their respective cities, and interested Jacksonville residents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the untiring efforts of Jacksonville physician Dr. George Dekle Taylor's twelve-year campaign leading a citizen group in opposition to \"the unsightly blemish of the advertising on bus benches which are haphazardly scattered over the community.\" Two other corollary concerns were that (a) the City and bus companies should provide additional, dignified benches with convenient locations for the bus riding public; and (b) the City investigate the legality of advertising on city property.\nDocuments pertaining to activities, including primarily correspondence, City of Jacksonville Legal Division opinions and bills, City Commission of Jacksonville minutes, Florida Senate bills, bus bench surveys, television editorials, newspaper clippings, presentations and speeches, lists of bus routes, Dr. Dekle's handwritten notes, and photographs. Correspondents include one United States Senator, various Florida state legislators, Jacksonville mayors (Haydon Burns, Louis Ritter, Hans Tanzler), Jacksonville City Commissioners/Council members, City of Jacksonville Police/Recreation/Safety officials, Garden Club of Jacksonville members, individuals from Tallahassee and Orlando spearheading beautification efforts in their respective cities, and interested Jacksonville residents."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for further information\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in the collection may be subject to copyright and are to be used for private study, scholarship, or research in accordance with the copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code). Use of reproductions of copyrighted works in excess of \"fair use,\" may result in the user's liability for copyright infringement and be subject to the civil and criminal penalties of federal law. 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