{"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1945\u0026page=407","prev":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1945\u0026page=406","next":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1945\u0026page=408","last":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1945\u0026page=657"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":407,"next_page":408,"prev_page":406,"total_pages":657,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":4060,"total_count":6569,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222030","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Mission Reports No. 163-166, March 21, 1945-March 24, 1945","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222030#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eNo. 163: Attack on Villach North M/Y; Bruck M/Y, Austria; and Pragersko, Yugoslavia. No. 164: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria. No. 165: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria. No. 166: Attack on Budjovice M/Y, Czechoslovakia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222030#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_222030","ref_ssm":["aspace_222030","aspace_222030"],"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222030","title_filing_ssi":"Mission Reports No. 163-166","title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 163-166"],"title_tesim":["Mission Reports No. 163-166"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["March 21, 1945-March 24, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["March 21, 1945-March 24, 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 163-166, March 21, 1945-March 24, 1945"],"text":["Mission Reports No. 163-166, March 21, 1945-March 24, 1945","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","013","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34258","02.0047 - Box 3","folder 013","No. 163: Attack on Villach North M/Y; Bruck M/Y, Austria; and Pragersko, Yugoslavia.\nNo. 164: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria.\nNo. 165: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria.\nNo. 166: Attack on Budjovice M/Y, Czechoslovakia."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["480e46a504f2fba6b1588537"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["013","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34258"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":77,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["02.0047 - Box 3","folder 013"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo. 163: Attack on Villach North M/Y; Bruck M/Y, Austria; and Pragersko, Yugoslavia.\nNo. 164: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria.\nNo. 165: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria.\nNo. 166: Attack on Budjovice M/Y, Czechoslovakia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["No. 163: Attack on Villach North M/Y; Bruck M/Y, Austria; and Pragersko, Yugoslavia.\nNo. 164: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria.\nNo. 165: Attack on Kagran Oil Refinery, Austria.\nNo. 166: Attack on Budjovice M/Y, Czechoslovakia."],"_nest_path_":"/components#76","_nest_parent_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","title_filing_ssi":"484th Bombardment Group Association papers","title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"ead_ssi":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","unitdate_ssm":["1939-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"text":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","Foggia (Italy)","B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria","This collection is open to all researchers.","Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).","This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Claude Pepper Library","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939-1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Foggia (Italy)"],"geogname_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"creator_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creators_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"places_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"access_subjects_ssm":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["17 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConstituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.\u0026#xA0; This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.\u0026#xA0; Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.\u0026#xA0; Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,\u0026#xA0; Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e newsletter:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer.\u003c/emph\u003e He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.\u0026#xA0; In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e until the association was disbanded in 2001.\u0026#xA0; An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e twice yearly for 20 years.\u0026#xA0; With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.\u0026#xA0; When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e to various libraries and museums around the country.\u0026#xA0; Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.\u0026#xA0; He was employed as an A\u0026amp;P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.\u0026#xA0; He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.\u0026#xA0; Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e is copyright \u0026#xA9; 484th Bomb Group Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLink to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index: \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSource:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNote written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLink to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:\u0026#xA0; \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/\u003c/extref\u003e. This website is also included in an \u003cextref href=\"https://archive-it.org/collections/10115\"\u003eInternet Archive web collection\u003c/extref\u003e for the World War II Archives. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.\u0026#xA0; The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.\u0026#xA0; The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_dc95db454fe0ad060bd914009fe90431\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. 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No. 170: Attack on Linz Benzol Plant, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222031#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_222031","ref_ssm":["aspace_222031","aspace_222031"],"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222031","title_filing_ssi":"Mission Reports No. 167-170","title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 167-170"],"title_tesim":["Mission Reports No. 167-170"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["March 25, 1945-March 31, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["March 25, 1945-March 31, 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 167-170, March 25, 1945-March 31, 1945"],"text":["Mission Reports No. 167-170, March 25, 1945-March 31, 1945","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","014","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34259","02.0047 - Box 3","folder 014","No. 167: Attack on ME 262 Aircraft at Kbely Airdrome, Prague, Czechoslovakia.\nNo. 168: Attack on Straszhof M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 169: Attack on Graz M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 170: Attack on Linz Benzol Plant, Austria."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["480e46a504f2fba6b1588537"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["014","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34259"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":78,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["02.0047 - Box 3","folder 014"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo. 167: Attack on ME 262 Aircraft at Kbely Airdrome, Prague, Czechoslovakia.\nNo. 168: Attack on Straszhof M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 169: Attack on Graz M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 170: Attack on Linz Benzol Plant, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["No. 167: Attack on ME 262 Aircraft at Kbely Airdrome, Prague, Czechoslovakia.\nNo. 168: Attack on Straszhof M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 169: Attack on Graz M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 170: Attack on Linz Benzol Plant, Austria."],"_nest_path_":"/components#77","_nest_parent_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","title_filing_ssi":"484th Bombardment Group Association papers","title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"ead_ssi":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","unitdate_ssm":["1939-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"text":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","Foggia (Italy)","B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria","This collection is open to all researchers.","Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).","This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Claude Pepper Library","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939-1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Foggia (Italy)"],"geogname_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"creator_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creators_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"places_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"access_subjects_ssm":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["17 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConstituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.\u0026#xA0; This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.\u0026#xA0; Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.\u0026#xA0; Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,\u0026#xA0; Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e newsletter:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer.\u003c/emph\u003e He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.\u0026#xA0; In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e until the association was disbanded in 2001.\u0026#xA0; An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e twice yearly for 20 years.\u0026#xA0; With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.\u0026#xA0; When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e to various libraries and museums around the country.\u0026#xA0; Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.\u0026#xA0; He was employed as an A\u0026amp;P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.\u0026#xA0; He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.\u0026#xA0; Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e is copyright \u0026#xA9; 484th Bomb Group Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLink to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index: \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSource:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNote written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLink to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:\u0026#xA0; \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/\u003c/extref\u003e. This website is also included in an \u003cextref href=\"https://archive-it.org/collections/10115\"\u003eInternet Archive web collection\u003c/extref\u003e for the World War II Archives. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.\u0026#xA0; The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.\u0026#xA0; The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_dc95db454fe0ad060bd914009fe90431\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. 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No. 174: Attack on Klagenfurt M/Y, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222032#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_222032","ref_ssm":["aspace_222032","aspace_222032"],"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222032","title_filing_ssi":"Mission Reports No. 171-174","title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 171-174"],"title_tesim":["Mission Reports No. 171-174"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["April 1, 1945-April 7, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["April 1, 1945-April 7, 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 171-174, April 1, 1945-April 7, 1945"],"text":["Mission Reports No. 171-174, April 1, 1945-April 7, 1945","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","015","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34260","02.0047 - Box 3","folder 015","No. 171: Attack on Villach M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 172: Attack on Polten M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 173: Attack on Railroad Cars in Brescia M/Y, Italy\nNo. ---: Attack on Brescia Small Arms Plant, Italy. No file in archives for this attack.\nNo. 174: Attack on Klagenfurt M/Y, Austria."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["480e46a504f2fba6b1588537"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["015","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34260"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":79,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["02.0047 - Box 3","folder 015"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo. 171: Attack on Villach M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 172: Attack on Polten M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 173: Attack on Railroad Cars in Brescia M/Y, Italy\nNo. ---: Attack on Brescia Small Arms Plant, Italy. No file in archives for this attack.\nNo. 174: Attack on Klagenfurt M/Y, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["No. 171: Attack on Villach M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 172: Attack on Polten M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 173: Attack on Railroad Cars in Brescia M/Y, Italy\nNo. ---: Attack on Brescia Small Arms Plant, Italy. No file in archives for this attack.\nNo. 174: Attack on Klagenfurt M/Y, Austria."],"_nest_path_":"/components#78","_nest_parent_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","title_filing_ssi":"484th Bombardment Group Association papers","title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"ead_ssi":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","unitdate_ssm":["1939-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"text":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","Foggia (Italy)","B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria","This collection is open to all researchers.","Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).","This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Claude Pepper Library","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939-1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Foggia (Italy)"],"geogname_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"creator_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creators_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"places_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"access_subjects_ssm":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["17 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConstituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.\u0026#xA0; This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.\u0026#xA0; Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.\u0026#xA0; Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,\u0026#xA0; Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e newsletter:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer.\u003c/emph\u003e He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.\u0026#xA0; In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e until the association was disbanded in 2001.\u0026#xA0; An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e twice yearly for 20 years.\u0026#xA0; With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.\u0026#xA0; When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e to various libraries and museums around the country.\u0026#xA0; Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.\u0026#xA0; He was employed as an A\u0026amp;P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.\u0026#xA0; He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.\u0026#xA0; Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e is copyright \u0026#xA9; 484th Bomb Group Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLink to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index: \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSource:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNote written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLink to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:\u0026#xA0; \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/\u003c/extref\u003e. This website is also included in an \u003cextref href=\"https://archive-it.org/collections/10115\"\u003eInternet Archive web collection\u003c/extref\u003e for the World War II Archives. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.\u0026#xA0; The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.\u0026#xA0; The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_dc95db454fe0ad060bd914009fe90431\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":315,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222032"}},{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222033","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Mission Reports No. 176-181, April 8, 1945-April 14, 1945","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222033#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eMission Reports for No. 175, No. 177, and No. 178 are missing from the archival record. No. 176: Attack on Pardenone M/Y, Italy. No. 177: Attack on Area Apple, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer. No. 178: Attack on Area Baker, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer. No. 179: Attack on Bronzolo M/Y, Italy. No. 180: Attack on St. Veit Railroad Bridge, Italy. No. 181: Attack on Malcontenta Ammunition Factory, Italy.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222033#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_222033","ref_ssm":["aspace_222033","aspace_222033"],"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222033","title_filing_ssi":"Mission Reports No. 176-181","title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 176-181"],"title_tesim":["Mission Reports No. 176-181"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["April 8, 1945-April 14, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["April 8, 1945-April 14, 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 176-181, April 8, 1945-April 14, 1945"],"text":["Mission Reports No. 176-181, April 8, 1945-April 14, 1945","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","016","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34261","02.0047 - Box 3","folder 016","Mission Reports for No. 175, No. 177, and No. 178 are missing from the archival record.\nNo. 176: Attack on Pardenone M/Y, Italy.\nNo. 177: Attack on Area Apple, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer.\nNo. 178: Attack on Area Baker, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer.\nNo. 179: Attack on Bronzolo M/Y, Italy.\nNo. 180: Attack on St. Veit Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 181: Attack on Malcontenta Ammunition Factory, Italy."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["480e46a504f2fba6b1588537"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["016","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34261"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":80,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["02.0047 - Box 3","folder 016"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMission Reports for No. 175, No. 177, and No. 178 are missing from the archival record.\nNo. 176: Attack on Pardenone M/Y, Italy.\nNo. 177: Attack on Area Apple, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer.\nNo. 178: Attack on Area Baker, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer.\nNo. 179: Attack on Bronzolo M/Y, Italy.\nNo. 180: Attack on St. Veit Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 181: Attack on Malcontenta Ammunition Factory, Italy.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Mission Reports for No. 175, No. 177, and No. 178 are missing from the archival record.\nNo. 176: Attack on Pardenone M/Y, Italy.\nNo. 177: Attack on Area Apple, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer.\nNo. 178: Attack on Area Baker, Italy. Despite the missing archival record, there is a typed note on the attack for that mission from the Torretta Flyer.\nNo. 179: Attack on Bronzolo M/Y, Italy.\nNo. 180: Attack on St. Veit Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 181: Attack on Malcontenta Ammunition Factory, Italy."],"_nest_path_":"/components#79","_nest_parent_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","title_filing_ssi":"484th Bombardment Group Association papers","title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"ead_ssi":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","unitdate_ssm":["1939-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"text":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","Foggia (Italy)","B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria","This collection is open to all researchers.","Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).","This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Claude Pepper Library","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939-1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Foggia (Italy)"],"geogname_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"creator_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creators_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"places_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"access_subjects_ssm":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["17 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConstituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.\u0026#xA0; This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.\u0026#xA0; Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.\u0026#xA0; Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,\u0026#xA0; Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e newsletter:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer.\u003c/emph\u003e He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.\u0026#xA0; In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e until the association was disbanded in 2001.\u0026#xA0; An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e twice yearly for 20 years.\u0026#xA0; With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.\u0026#xA0; When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e to various libraries and museums around the country.\u0026#xA0; Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.\u0026#xA0; He was employed as an A\u0026amp;P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.\u0026#xA0; He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.\u0026#xA0; Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e is copyright \u0026#xA9; 484th Bomb Group Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLink to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index: \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSource:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNote written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLink to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:\u0026#xA0; \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/\u003c/extref\u003e. This website is also included in an \u003cextref href=\"https://archive-it.org/collections/10115\"\u003eInternet Archive web collection\u003c/extref\u003e for the World War II Archives. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.\u0026#xA0; The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.\u0026#xA0; The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_dc95db454fe0ad060bd914009fe90431\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. 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No. 184: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy. No. 185: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy. No. 186: No. 187: Attack on Vipiteno Railroad Bridge, Italy.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222034#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_222034","ref_ssm":["aspace_222034","aspace_222034"],"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222034","title_filing_ssi":"Mission Reports No. 182-187","title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 182-187"],"title_tesim":["Mission Reports No. 182-187"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["April 15, 1945-April 19, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["April 15, 1945-April 19, 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 182-187, April 15, 1945-April 19, 1945"],"text":["Mission Reports No. 182-187, April 15, 1945-April 19, 1945","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","017","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34262","02.0047 - Box 3","folder 017","No. 182/183: Attack on Nervesa Railroad Bridge, Italy; Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front in Northern Italy. For some reason, these targets were given separate mission reports.\nNo. 184: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy.\nNo. 185: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy.\nNo. 186:\nNo. 187: Attack on Vipiteno Railroad Bridge, Italy."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["480e46a504f2fba6b1588537"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["017","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34262"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":81,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["02.0047 - Box 3","folder 017"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo. 182/183: Attack on Nervesa Railroad Bridge, Italy; Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front in Northern Italy. For some reason, these targets were given separate mission reports.\nNo. 184: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy.\nNo. 185: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy.\nNo. 186:\nNo. 187: Attack on Vipiteno Railroad Bridge, Italy.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["No. 182/183: Attack on Nervesa Railroad Bridge, Italy; Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front in Northern Italy. For some reason, these targets were given separate mission reports.\nNo. 184: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy.\nNo. 185: Attack on troop concentrations on the Fifth Army Front, Italy.\nNo. 186:\nNo. 187: Attack on Vipiteno Railroad Bridge, Italy."],"_nest_path_":"/components#80","_nest_parent_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","title_filing_ssi":"484th Bombardment Group Association papers","title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"ead_ssi":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","unitdate_ssm":["1939-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"text":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","Foggia (Italy)","B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria","This collection is open to all researchers.","Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).","This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Claude Pepper Library","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939-1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Foggia (Italy)"],"geogname_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"creator_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creators_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"places_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"access_subjects_ssm":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["17 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConstituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.\u0026#xA0; This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.\u0026#xA0; Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.\u0026#xA0; Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,\u0026#xA0; Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e newsletter:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer.\u003c/emph\u003e He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.\u0026#xA0; In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e until the association was disbanded in 2001.\u0026#xA0; An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e twice yearly for 20 years.\u0026#xA0; With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.\u0026#xA0; When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e to various libraries and museums around the country.\u0026#xA0; Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.\u0026#xA0; He was employed as an A\u0026amp;P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.\u0026#xA0; He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.\u0026#xA0; Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e is copyright \u0026#xA9; 484th Bomb Group Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLink to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index: \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSource:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNote written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLink to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:\u0026#xA0; \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/\u003c/extref\u003e. This website is also included in an \u003cextref href=\"https://archive-it.org/collections/10115\"\u003eInternet Archive web collection\u003c/extref\u003e for the World War II Archives. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.\u0026#xA0; The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.\u0026#xA0; The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_dc95db454fe0ad060bd914009fe90431\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. 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No. 191: Attack on Roverto M/Y, Italy.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222035#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_222035","ref_ssm":["aspace_222035","aspace_222035"],"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222035","title_filing_ssi":"Mission Reports No. 188-191","title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 188-191"],"title_tesim":["Mission Reports No. 188-191"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["April 20, 1945-April 24, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["April 20, 1945-April 24, 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 188-191, April 20, 1945-April 24, 1945"],"text":["Mission Reports No. 188-191, April 20, 1945-April 24, 1945","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","018","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34263","02.0047 - Box 3","folder 018","No. 188: Attack on Lusia Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 189: Attack on Attnang Puchiem M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 190: Attack on Badia Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 191: Attack on Roverto M/Y, Italy."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["480e46a504f2fba6b1588537"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["018","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34263"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":82,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["02.0047 - Box 3","folder 018"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo. 188: Attack on Lusia Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 189: Attack on Attnang Puchiem M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 190: Attack on Badia Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 191: Attack on Roverto M/Y, Italy.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["No. 188: Attack on Lusia Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 189: Attack on Attnang Puchiem M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 190: Attack on Badia Railroad Bridge, Italy.\nNo. 191: Attack on Roverto M/Y, Italy."],"_nest_path_":"/components#81","_nest_parent_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","title_filing_ssi":"484th Bombardment Group Association papers","title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"ead_ssi":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","unitdate_ssm":["1939-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"text":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","Foggia (Italy)","B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria","This collection is open to all researchers.","Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).","This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Claude Pepper Library","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939-1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Foggia (Italy)"],"geogname_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"creator_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creators_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"places_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"access_subjects_ssm":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["17 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConstituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.\u0026#xA0; This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.\u0026#xA0; Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.\u0026#xA0; Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,\u0026#xA0; Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e newsletter:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer.\u003c/emph\u003e He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.\u0026#xA0; In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e until the association was disbanded in 2001.\u0026#xA0; An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e twice yearly for 20 years.\u0026#xA0; With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.\u0026#xA0; When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e to various libraries and museums around the country.\u0026#xA0; Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.\u0026#xA0; He was employed as an A\u0026amp;P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.\u0026#xA0; He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.\u0026#xA0; Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e is copyright \u0026#xA9; 484th Bomb Group Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLink to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index: \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSource:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNote written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLink to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:\u0026#xA0; \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/\u003c/extref\u003e. This website is also included in an \u003cextref href=\"https://archive-it.org/collections/10115\"\u003eInternet Archive web collection\u003c/extref\u003e for the World War II Archives. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.\u0026#xA0; The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.\u0026#xA0; The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_dc95db454fe0ad060bd914009fe90431\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. 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No. 193: Attack on Spital M/Y, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222036#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_222036","ref_ssm":["aspace_222036","aspace_222036"],"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222036","title_filing_ssi":"Mission Reports No. 192-193","title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 192-193"],"title_tesim":["Mission Reports No. 192-193"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["April 25, 1945-April 26, 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["April 25, 1945-April 26, 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mission Reports No. 192-193, April 25, 1945-April 26, 1945"],"text":["Mission Reports No. 192-193, April 25, 1945-April 26, 1945","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","019","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34264","02.0047 - Box 3","folder 019","No. 192: Attack on Linz M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 193: Attack on Spital M/Y, Austria."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["480e46a504f2fba6b1588537"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["019","/repositories/10/archival_objects/34264"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":83,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["02.0047 - Box 3","folder 019"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo. 192: Attack on Linz M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 193: Attack on Spital M/Y, Austria.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["No. 192: Attack on Linz M/Y, Austria.\nNo. 193: Attack on Spital M/Y, Austria."],"_nest_path_":"/components#82","_nest_parent_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","title_filing_ssi":"484th Bombardment Group Association papers","title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers"],"ead_ssi":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","unitdate_ssm":["1939-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"text":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197","484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998","Foggia (Italy)","B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria","This collection is open to all researchers.","Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).","This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","Claude Pepper Library","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th","English"],"unitid_tesim":["02.0047","/repositories/10/resources/197"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939-1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_title_tesim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"collection_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association papers, 1939-1998"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Foggia (Italy)"],"geogname_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"creator_ssm":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"creators_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association"],"places_ssim":["Foggia (Italy)"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"access_subjects_ssm":["B-24 (Bomber)","World War, 1939-1945--Aerial operations","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy","World War, 1939-1945--Yugoslavia","World War, 1939-1945--Austria"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["17 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConstituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.\u0026#xA0; This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.\u0026#xA0; Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.\u0026#xA0; Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,\u0026#xA0; Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e newsletter:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer.\u003c/emph\u003e He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.\u0026#xA0; In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e until the association was disbanded in 2001.\u0026#xA0; An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e twice yearly for 20 years.\u0026#xA0; With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.\u0026#xA0; When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e to various libraries and museums around the country.\u0026#xA0; Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.\u0026#xA0; He was employed as an A\u0026amp;P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.\u0026#xA0; He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.\u0026#xA0; Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Torretta Flyer\u003c/emph\u003e is copyright \u0026#xA9; 484th Bomb Group Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eLink to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index: \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSource:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNote written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Constituted as 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) on September 14, 1943, the group officially activated on September 20th. Trained for combat with B-24 Liberator heavy bombers, the group transferred to Torretto Airfield in Italy during March and April 1944. Torretta airfield (also known as Cerignola #3) served as a semi-permanent heavy bomber airfield located approximately 14km (9 miles) southwest of Cerignola in Apulia, Italy.  This airbase would eventually form part of the Foggia Airfield Complex.  Assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, the group was redesignated the 484th Bombardment Group (Pathfinder) in May 1944 but did not perform pathfinder functions. Again, redesignated 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) in November 1944, the group operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization through to April 1945.\n The group attacked targets such as oil refineries, oil storage plants, aircraft factories, heavy industry, and communications in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. On June 13, 1944, a heavy smoke screen prevented the group from bombing marshaling yards at Munich. In spite of severe damage from German flak and fighters, and despite heavy gunfire encountered at the alternate target, the group bombed marshaling yards at Innsbruck and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its persistent action. The group received a second DUC for performance on August 22, 1944, when, unescorted, the organization fought its way through an intense opposition to attack underground oil storage installations in Vienna. In addition to strategic missions, the 484th supported the allied ground drive toward Rome by bombing bridges, supply dumps, viaducts, and marshaling yards from April to June 1944. Furthermore, the group ferried gasoline and oil to Allied forces in southern France during September 1944 and supported the final advance through northern Italy.  Moved to Casablanca in May 1945, the group was assigned to Air Transport Command and subsequently deactivated in French Morocco on July 25, 1945. Squadrons assigned to the group included the 824th, 825th, 826th, and 827th. Stations assigned for the group during the war included Harvard AAF,  Nebraska from September 20, 1943, to March 2, 1944; Torretta AAF, Italy from April 1944-May 1945; and Casablanca, French Morocco, from May 25 to July 25, 1945. The assigned commanders included Colonel William B Keese from October 1943 to April 1945 and Lieutenant Colonel Chester C. Busch from April 1945 to deactivation","History of  The Torretta Flyer  newsletter:","Bud Markel wrote the history of the 484th Bomb Group and preserved it in  The Torretta Flyer.  He and his wife Bea organized the first reunion of the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups in May of 1981.  In December of 1981, the 461st and 484th Bomb Groups Association were incorporated in the state of California as a non-profit corporation. Starting with a newsletter bulletin to keep early members up to date on the fledgling organization, the name  The Torretta Flyer  was first applied to newsletter number 4. In 1992 the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups formed their own separate associations. Bud was the president of the 484th BG Association and the editor of  The Torretta Flyer  until the association was disbanded in 2001.  An excellent writer, photographer, aviation historian, and organizer, Bud published  The Torretta Flyer  twice yearly for 20 years.  With the help of Bea, he also organized and hosted annual reunions for the association.  The Torretta Flyer  evolved from a mimeographed newsletter into a fine glossy magazine filled with photographs, data compiled from official sources, letters and stories written by members, and scholarly contributions from writers in the historical aviation field.  When the 484th BG Association was disbanded, Bud and Bea donated 50 1200 page bound two-volume sets of  The Torretta Flyer  to various libraries and museums around the country.  Bud Markel flew 35 combat missions as a B-24 engineer between January and May of 1945.  He was employed as an A\u0026P mechanic for United Airlines in Los Angeles from 1948 until retirement.  He was especially proud of the 484th BG Association scholarship fund which was originally conceived as a living memorial to the 484th and 461st Bomb Groups.  Through this fund, the association donated $53,000 to deserving high school students from the area around Cerignola, Italy.  The Torretta Flyer  is copyright © 484th Bomb Group Association","Link to The Torretta Flyer newsletter index:  http://www.484th.org/Torretta%20Flyer/Torretta%20Flyer.htm","Source:","\"484th Bombardment Group (H).\" www.484th.org. Accessed June 8, 2018. http://www.484th.org/.","Note written by Dick Olson, 484th Bombardment Group Association Historian"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], 484th Bombardment Group Association papers, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_02_0047 ."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLink to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:\u0026#xA0; \u003cextref href=\"http://www.484th.org/\"\u003ehttp://www.484th.org/\u003c/extref\u003e. This website is also included in an \u003cextref href=\"https://archive-it.org/collections/10115\"\u003eInternet Archive web collection\u003c/extref\u003e for the World War II Archives. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - Related Publications"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Link to official website of the 484th Bombardment Group Association:   http://www.484th.org/ . This website is also included in an  Internet Archive web collection  for the World War II Archives. ","The Internet Archive collection includes the website for the 461st Bombardment Group (H)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.\u0026#xA0; The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.\u0026#xA0; The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection relates to the 484th Bombardment Group (Heavy) that was assigned to the 15th Air Force and based in Torretta, Italy as a component of the Foggia Airfield Complex during World War II and assigned B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.  The materials contained in this collection were subsequently assembled during the post-war period by the 484th Bombardment Group Association.  The collection contains official reports, data sheets, statistics, newspapers, Missing Air Crew Reports, personal histories, photographs, and unit histories."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_dc95db454fe0ad060bd914009fe90431\"\u003eClaude Pepper Library\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Claude Pepper Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","484th Bombardment Group Association","United States. Army Air Forces, Bombardment Group (H), 484th"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":315,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"480e46a504f2fba6b1588537","timestamp":"2026-07-10T05:44:27.461Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/480e46a504f2fba6b1588537_aspace_222036"}},{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_55016","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Missouri Botanical Garden, 1937-1967","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_55016#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_55016","ref_ssm":["aspace_55016","aspace_55016"],"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_55016","title_filing_ssi":"Missouri Botanical Garden","title_ssm":["Missouri Botanical Garden"],"title_tesim":["Missouri Botanical Garden"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1937-1967"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1937-1967"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Missouri Botanical Garden, 1937-1967"],"text":["Missouri Botanical Garden, 1937-1967","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Lyman Smith Files, 1905-1994.","Correspondence, 1923-1993","Incoming Letters, 1934-1993","Folder 9","/repositories/4/archival_objects/33142","box 170","folder 9"],"component_level_isim":[4],"parent_ids_ssim":["4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_54996","4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_55004","4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_55009"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Lyman Smith Files, 1905-1994.","Correspondence, 1923-1993","Incoming Letters, 1934-1993"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Lyman Smith Files, 1905-1994.","Correspondence, 1923-1993","Incoming Letters, 1934-1993"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries","File"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 9","/repositories/4/archival_objects/33142"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":3494,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\n  Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\n  Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\n"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967],"containers_ssim":["box 170","folder 9"],"_nest_path_":"/components#6/components#10/components#3/components#5","_nest_parent_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_55009","_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"ead_ssi":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","unitdate_ssm":["1754-2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1754-2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"text":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Marineland (Fla.)","Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)","The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"","The collection is divided into eight series by type of file.","Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.","Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.","A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives .","Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.","Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.","UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1754-2014"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creators_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"places_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Some of these materials were donated to and others were purchased by the University of Central Florida Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives from Michael A. Spencer in 2006 (CFM2006_09), 2011 (CFM2011_02), 2012 (CFM2012_10), and 2014 (CFM2014_01)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"extent_tesim":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"genreform_ssim":["botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"date_range_isim":[1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\""],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by type of file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by type of file."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library \u003cextref href=\"https://library.ucf.edu\"\u003eOnline Catalog\u003c/extref\u003e. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08c\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08b\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08a\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM1999-03\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Papers\u003c/extref\u003e are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://www.leugardens.org/\"\u003eHarry P. Leu Gardens\u003c/extref\u003e. The \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/4\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Collection\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/97\"\u003eTheodore L. Mead Collection\u003c/extref\u003e are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://siarchives.si.edu/\"\u003eSmithsonian Institution Archives\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Statement"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8e33310d6b1a70e4d88f1e2d3043cf71\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here."],"names_coll_ssim":["Bromeliad Society","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society"],"persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3662,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_55016"}},{"id":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199960","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Mistreatment of American Prisoners of War, 1945","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199960#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports on the mistreatment of Americans and on the attack on an American ambulance. Contains testimonies by persons impacted and witnesses.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199960#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_199960","ref_ssm":["aspace_199960","aspace_199960"],"id":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199960","title_filing_ssi":"Mistreatment of American Prisoners of War","title_ssm":["Mistreatment of American Prisoners of War"],"title_tesim":["Mistreatment of American Prisoners of War"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mistreatment of American Prisoners of War, 1945"],"text":["Mistreatment of American Prisoners of War, 1945","Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014","008","/repositories/10/archival_objects/144003","14.0024 - Box 2","folder 008","Includes reports on the mistreatment of Americans and on the attack on an American ambulance. Contains testimonies by persons impacted and witnesses."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["22751aa9c303e61c12564fea"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["008","/repositories/10/archival_objects/144003"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":22,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["14.0024 - Box 2","folder 008"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes reports on the mistreatment of Americans and on the attack on an American ambulance. Contains testimonies by persons impacted and witnesses.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes reports on the mistreatment of Americans and on the attack on an American ambulance. Contains testimonies by persons impacted and witnesses."],"_nest_path_":"/components#21","_nest_parent_":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","_root_":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","timestamp":"2026-07-09T03:02:39.621Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","title_ssm":["Wilson D. Brooks papers"],"title_tesim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers"],"ead_ssi":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","unitdate_ssm":["1944-1946","Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1944-1946"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["14.0024","/repositories/10/resources/1052"],"text":["14.0024","/repositories/10/resources/1052","Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014","Dachau (Concentration camp)","War criminals--Germany","World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities","Vaihingen an der Enz (Concentration camp)","Treblinka (Concentration camp)","Ravensbrück (Concentration camp)","Neuengamme (Concentration camp)","Natzweiler-Struthof (Concentration camp)","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps","World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Sources","War criminals.","This collection is open to all researchers.","Wilson Dean Brooks was born in Pensacola, Florida on May 12, 1912. He married his wife on December 20, 1942 in Georgia. Brooks enlisted in the United States Army on February 22, 1941 at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida. He served in the Company B 825th tank destroyer battalion and 42nd Infantry Division as a 1st Lieutenant. After Germany surrendered he worked as a judge advocate during the military trials in Europe. He retired from the United States Army on April 26, 1946. Brooks passed away on October 7, 1983 at the age of 71.","Entered 3/18/2017","Revisied 4/15/2017","Revisied 4/16/2017","Revisied 4/18/2017\n    Revised 5/27/2020","Wilson Dean Brooks participated in significant events during and after World War II. He was a part of the liberation of Dachau, Battle of the Bulge, and worked as an investigator for the War Crimes Board. His collection contains photographs capturing the liberation of Dachau, a journal describing military life in Europe, which includes details about Battle of the Bulge, and a vast amount of documents that pertain to war crime trials he oversaw as a judge advocate.\n        His case reports on war crimes make up the bulk of his collection and contain testimonies of those impacted, arrest reports, instances of maltreatment and murder, and other information. The files include testimonies of many impacted nationalities, American, Belgian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, and Ukrainian, The collection includes case files on concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück, Treblinka, Unterriexingen, Vaihingen an der Enz, Welzheim, and Wöbbelin. Also covered in the collection is various cities where forced labor occurred, such as Föhrenwald, Kaufbeuren, Kochendorf, Landsberg, Radom, Rottenburg, Rudersberg, Sandomierz, Ulm, and in notable factories like Daimler-Benz.","Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983","Rausch, Andreas","Schmidt, Antoni","Zoltan, Farago","Lederhendler, Isaac","Szlafsztajn, Hersz","Tylbor, Rubin","Horewicz, Szlama","Ikok, Janja","Nanowi, Nikolai","Novikow, Nikolai","Aljberdowski, Joseph","King, Albert","Bankier, Israel","Biallan, Heinrich","Fath, Albert","Fellgiebel, Gustav","Finkielstein, Jankiel","Fotszaik, Selig","Fritz, Georg","Inobel, Moezek","Lehmann, Heins","Marthe, Ludwig","Marwit, Leo","Mathe, Otto","Mueller, Hermann","Mueller, Walter","Mueller, Herbert","Neumann, Richard","Schlonker, Herbert","Stock, Karl","Veunau, Rich","Claquim, Alfred","Defoe, Alfred","Klaus, Louis","Mardont, Ran","Peretz, Petro","Cutler, Rosita","Liabar, Hans","Ludman, Raymond","Maier, Johannes","Sztarkman, Henryk","Borensztajn, Mieczyslaw","Fernebuk, Israel","Goldberg, Mojzesz","Goldberg, Kelman","Gotfryd, Aleksander","Korman, Ladysz","Lipszyc, Israel","Lipszyc, Zelik","Ofzer, Pinkus","Rozenberg, Benjamin","Rozenblast, Icek","Wajberg, Israel","Werchajzer, Binem","Centkowski, Marjan","Chudzynski, Stanislaw","Dwerakowski, Stanislaw","Majzner, Stanislaw","Makowski, Mieczyslaw","Makowski, Eljanz","Malek, Jan","Oleski, Antoni","Plazak, Wojciech","Horewicz, Seweryn","Plaskets, Jan","Ratkowski, Eugenjusz","Skrzymski, Tadeusz","Zawierta, Tadensz","Gotfryd, Berek","Kowalczuk, Michal","Sadowski, Feliks","Adler, Szmul","Gutman, Marel","Herszenhern, Abram","Kure, Leon","Herszenhern, Chaim","Akiermann, Berek","Berger, Chaim","Berman, Icek","Chlebowski, Majer","Feldman, Szmul","Fuks, Szlama","Tyrangiel, Hersz","Gerbuer, Mordka","Gutensztajn, Mojzesz","Helfand, Szyja","Kranc, Jakub","Liberman, Szyja","Melchier, Dawid","Melchier, Jerzy","Najaun, Saul","Nisenkier, Mordka","Pinzenbaum, Jakub","Pinczewski, Mojzesz","Rozenbaum, Noe","Rozenbaum, Max","Rubin, Szmul","Sewn, Izak","Sztrajman, Abram","Wajsbert, Mosek","Kohn, Jankiel","Rajsfeld, Szulim","Rottman, Szymon","Blatman, Jakob","Gotfryd, Mendel","Mandelman, Rafal","Reschetow, Wassili, 1897-1943","Pasternak, Rubin, 1923-2001","Dula, Zysel, 1895-1969","Berman, Norbert, 1915-2002","Liebfeld, Josef, 1925-2010","Jakub, Klepfisz, 1911-2006","Wajntraub, Leon, 1916-1973","Klein, Eleanore, 1925-2000","Schelvis, Jules","Jablonski, Antoine, 1893-1944","Herrmann, Ludwig, 1899-1945","Brechenmacher, Hans, 1892-1975","Bechtle, Rheinholdt, 1907-1938","Couphos, Louis, 1922-2013","Bioret, Francis, 1922-1945","Scheinberg, Morris, 1911-1996","Zocher, George, 1921-1945","Sczcygiel, Phillip J., 1915-1984","Kaluza, Anthony J., 1918-1960","Mayer, Franz","Birukow, Alexander","Laymon, Lester, 1912-1995","Florks, Peter","Xanthopoulos, Michael","Vaphides, Dimitrios","Tsatsos, Constantin","Theodorides, Michael","Kukumialos, Dimitros","Wojtanek, Stanislaus","Gajmann, Charlot","Woronow, Boris","Lewzschenko, Peter","Zweig, Leo","Zolty, Joseph","Zelman, Kozakow","Rubinstein, Joseph","Korner, Hans","Kaplan, Isaac","Hoffman, Jacob","Gershinski, Hans","Sherman, Wilton J.","Blackford, Eugene A.","Zeller, William B.","Liphardt, Fritz, 1905-1947","Fuche, Karl","Steiger, Kurt","Voinrich, Hermann","Faller, Hermann","Buchenmayer, Konrad","Seifert, Hans","Rokita, Richard, 1894-1968","Bosse, Wilhelm, 1899-1947","Keim, Leonard","Frank, August, 1898-1984","Walcher, Georg","Kubn, Fritz","Mundrich, Fritz","Birkholt, Helena","Leicht, Heinrich","Foerster, Friederich, 1894-1970","Hagenmeyer, Erich, 1892-1963","Maier, Wilhelm, 1894-1947","Kloebek, Karl","Zoller, August","Kappenstein, Fritz","Heimerdinger, Wilhelm","Sax, Hans","Dahm, Anton","Weller, George","Rentachler, Albert","Maili, Franz","Murshel, Wilhelm","Krowez, Dimitri","Krowez, Oleg","Krowez, Peter","Schwarzhuber, Johann, 1904-1947","Eichelsdorfer, Johann, 1890-1946","Burger, Anton, 1911-1991","Jöst, Heinrich","Weiter, Eduard, 1889-1945","Blancke, Max, 1909-1945","Seidl, Sigfried, 1911-1947","Rahm, Karl, 1907-1947","Buchler, Albert","Schuls, Heinrich","Hahnen, Peter","Mengele, Josef, 1911-1979","Aumeier, Hans","Ruppert, Wilhelm, 1905-1946","Kapke, Erich, 1898-","Wiplinger, Alois, 1904-","Baier, Martin, 1913-","Hermer, Josef, 1894-","Bergl, Karl, 1902-","Eberle, Hermann","Strixner, George, 1888-","Loeff, Herbert, 1905-","Loeff, Hein, 1905","Heimerdinger, Albert, 1891-","von Langdorsf, Karl, 1895-","Schiessl, Georg, 1906-","Haug, Josef, 1902-","Bocherer, Julius, 1899-","Kurz, Georg, 1889-","Walther, Christian, 1891-","Bartsch, Willi, 1895-","Kowald, Joseph, 1886-","Hradilek, Fritz, 1906-","Saile, Wilhelm, 1895-","Dorr, Wilhelm, 1917-","Reis, Emil, 1899-","Schwarz, Hermann, 1896-","Schippers, Hans, 1914-","Janku, Franz, 1895-","Voigt, Karl, 1908-","Szegedi, Michael, 1921-","Birthelner, Johann, 1915-","Blaukowitsch, Franz, 1900-","Schauble, Robert, 1905-","Klein, Friederich","Goenhenwein, Gertrude, 1912-","Munz, Anna, 1903-","Meder, Magda, 1898-","Wolff, Martha, 1916-","Hiestand, Lucie, 1899-","Gebert, Karl, 1902-","Lautenschläger, Wilhelm, 1896-","Mandelman, Hersz, 1912-","Lindzen, Szymon, 1920-","Goldfarb, Chaskel, 1918-","Ender, Hersz, 1916-","Erlich, Wolf, 1921-","Birenbaum, Mordka, 1914-","Szerman, Fajwel, 1919-","Wajntal, Dawid, 1916-","Tabaksblat, Chaim, 1921-","Tabaksblat, Nusyn, 1894-","Taubenblat, Mordka, 1912-","Rapaport, Leib, 1909-","Rapaport, Majlech, 1897-","Przysuski, Chaim, 1927-","Lenderhendler, Jakob, 1912-","Kranc, Mojzesz, 1926-","Konar, Wolf, 1927-","Konar, Moszek, 1925-","Konar, Hersz, 1923-","Henik, Mojzesz, 1932-","Glinewiecki, Natan, 1908-","Tatarka, Chaim, 1924-","Butter, Israel, 1904-","Altman, Chaim, 1909-","Goldfarb, Szlama, 1925-","Fefer, Edmund, 1903-","Kwasny, Wikter","Demidziuk, Aleksander, 1903-","Weintraub, Gimpel, 1918-","Neufeld, Hersz, 1909-","Kampel, Szoel, 1913-","Kaminer, Aria-Leib, 1916-","Fryd, Mordka, 1916-","Fryd, Binem, 1910-","Elfand, Szyja, 1908-","Borensztajn, Chil, 1923-","Akiermann, Israel, 1921-","Sowa, Israel, 1904-","Morgan, Elkana, 1893-","Borensztajn, Majleich, 1904-","Keller, Hermann, 1888-","Zoltan, Lautman, 1924-","Koes, Mieozyslaw, 1917-","Adamczyk, Eugeniusz, 1904-","Celnikier, Jerzy, 1910-","Szymkicaviz, Lipa, 1906-","Grosz, Eugen, 1902-","Walkowsky, Marianne, 1923-","Häfele, Sigmund, 1892-","Franz, Kaster, 1903-","Vacaz Belda, Joachim, 1909-","Linde, Vineus, 1915-","Korn, Karl Christian, 1908-","Koch, Hermann, 1909-","Klenensas, Urboites, 1915-","Vogel, Worner, 1909-","Rosenberg, Leb, 1905-","Mueller, Jakob, 1899-","Mueller, Johannes, 1898-","Gaudion, Thomas","Beier, Maximilian, 1892-","Sager, Renadus, 1921-","Rudakow, Ivan, 1920-","Ritschakow, Nikolai, 1925-","Arabrewster, Theo, 1906-","Nikulie, Jakow, 1913-","Nasarow, Wasili, 1920-","Podsednicek, Steanislav, 1899-","Pireas, Nikaia, 1920-","Konigsmark, Wenzel, 1891-","Hanus, Bohumir, 1905-","Torczelewski, Stanislaus, 1921-","Schostak, Paul, 1916-","Krukow, Timofel, 1902-","Eremkin, Jakow, 1905-","Winogradow, Peter, 1920-","Guise, Zelamire, 1910-","Ywladimzowna, Rosa, 1923","Verhoest, Boudewen, 1925-","Poutrain, Gaston, 1922-","Korschemnea, Michl, 1923-","Heynraets, Johan, 1922-","de Doncker, Charles, 1896-","Baraboschin, George, 1919-","Zamolivitch, Joseph, 1923-","Weiss, Stephan, 1926-","Stropinsky, Leon, 1902-","Shochen, Edel, 1910-","Kovalevsky, Nicholas, 1926-","Rozensztajn, Israel","Rozencwajg, Mordka","Tugentman, Moszek","Wilczyk, Moszek, 1905-","Muszkatblat, Aleksander","Szwarckepf, Alex","Wildfeuer, Szymon, 1925-","Buchman, Chaskiel, 1901-","Brydowski, Kazimierz","Celeban, Marjan, 1910-","Kelanowski, Jerzy","Kohn, Juda","Levinger, Karl","Liszkewski, Jan","Nowicki, Eugeniusz","Rosinski, Ryszard, 1925-","Wajnsztok, Jerzy","Ajzenmann, Josek","Blajchman, Dawid, 1911-","Blajwas, Abram","Cwajszporn, Chaim, 1917-","Cymbalista, Josek, 1905-","Fajtebaum, Szraga","Kaplan, Mojzesz","Kaplan, Nusyn","Kuperszmidt, Szlama","Rosenbaum, Lewi, 1919-","Suchy, Moszek","Szerman, Motek, 1885-","Wasserstrum, Jankiel, 1913-","Adamski, Eugenjusz","Olczak, Michal","Czunaj, Zbignion, 1929-","Benke, Stanislaw, 1922-","Krupa, Stanislaw, 1908-","Huba, Stanislaw","Nadar, Tadeusz, 1919-","Picezarowski, Tadeusz, 1921-","Rzewuski, Jozef","Slusarek, Czeslaw, 1913-","Szalinski, Poliks","Szukala, Hieronim","Zielinski, Marjan, 1919-","Cukier, Kepel, 1920-","Szejnman, Aleksander","Warchisker, Eariel","Kalmanowicz, Szmul","Kalmanowicz, Majer","Librach, Symcha, 1913-","Rychtman, Icek","Kohn, Moszek","Adler, Daniel","Adler, Rubin","Adler, Moszek","Frydman, Szmul","Huber, Chil","Morgen, Aron, 1924-","Waks, Szana, 1912-","Sytner, Tadeusz","Chmielnicki, Jan","Czyzykowski, Czeslaw, 1921-","Giarmatin, Andreas","Grzeskiewicz, Edward","Kyjak, Stanislaw, 1925-","Kur, Wladyslaw, 1904-","Modzelewski, Josef","Moritz, Tadeusz, 1926-","Nagy, Lajos","Resinski, Josef","Rychowiecki, Mieczyslaw","Sajduda, Eugeniusz","Solecki, Tadeusz","Szymkowski, Mieczyslaw, 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Sachar","Kondratowitch, Marchuk Michael, 1924-","English"],"unitid_tesim":["14.0024","/repositories/10/resources/1052"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"collection_ssim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Dachau (Concentration camp)"],"geogname_ssim":["Dachau (Concentration camp)"],"creator_ssm":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"creator_ssim":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"creators_ssim":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"places_ssim":["Dachau (Concentration camp)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Wilson D. Brooks","Donated"],"access_subjects_ssim":["War criminals--Germany","World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities","Vaihingen an der Enz (Concentration camp)","Treblinka (Concentration camp)","Ravensbrück (Concentration camp)","Neuengamme (Concentration camp)","Natzweiler-Struthof (Concentration camp)","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps","World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Sources","War criminals."],"access_subjects_ssm":["War criminals--Germany","World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities","Vaihingen an der Enz (Concentration camp)","Treblinka (Concentration camp)","Ravensbrück (Concentration camp)","Neuengamme (Concentration camp)","Natzweiler-Struthof (Concentration camp)","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps","World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Sources","War criminals."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.00 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.00 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1944,1945,1946],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilson Dean Brooks was born in Pensacola, Florida on May 12, 1912. He married his wife on December 20, 1942 in Georgia. Brooks enlisted in the United States Army on February 22, 1941 at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida. He served in the Company B 825th tank destroyer battalion and 42nd Infantry Division as a 1st Lieutenant. After Germany surrendered he worked as a judge advocate during the military trials in Europe. He retired from the United States Army on April 26, 1946. Brooks passed away on October 7, 1983 at the age of 71.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wilson Dean Brooks was born in Pensacola, Florida on May 12, 1912. He married his wife on December 20, 1942 in Georgia. Brooks enlisted in the United States Army on February 22, 1941 at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida. He served in the Company B 825th tank destroyer battalion and 42nd Infantry Division as a 1st Lieutenant. After Germany surrendered he worked as a judge advocate during the military trials in Europe. He retired from the United States Army on April 26, 1946. Brooks passed away on October 7, 1983 at the age of 71."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBrooks, Wilson D., Papers. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_14_0024\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_14_0024\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Brooks, Wilson D., Papers. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_14_0024 ."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEntered 3/18/2017\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevisied 4/15/2017\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevisied 4/16/2017\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevisied 4/18/2017\n    Revised 5/27/2020\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Entered 3/18/2017","Revisied 4/15/2017","Revisied 4/16/2017","Revisied 4/18/2017\n    Revised 5/27/2020"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilson Dean Brooks participated in significant events during and after World War II. He was a part of the liberation of Dachau, Battle of the Bulge, and worked as an investigator for the War Crimes Board. His collection contains photographs capturing the liberation of Dachau, a journal describing military life in Europe, which includes details about Battle of the Bulge, and a vast amount of documents that pertain to war crime trials he oversaw as a judge advocate.\n        His case reports on war crimes make up the bulk of his collection and contain testimonies of those impacted, arrest reports, instances of maltreatment and murder, and other information. The files include testimonies of many impacted nationalities, American, Belgian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, and Ukrainian, The collection includes case files on concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbr\u0026#xFC;ck, Treblinka, Unterriexingen, Vaihingen an der Enz, Welzheim, and W\u0026#xF6;bbelin. Also covered in the collection is various cities where forced labor occurred, such as F\u0026#xF6;hrenwald, Kaufbeuren, Kochendorf, Landsberg, Radom, Rottenburg, Rudersberg, Sandomierz, Ulm, and in notable factories like Daimler-Benz.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Wilson Dean Brooks participated in significant events during and after World War II. He was a part of the liberation of Dachau, Battle of the Bulge, and worked as an investigator for the War Crimes Board. His collection contains photographs capturing the liberation of Dachau, a journal describing military life in Europe, which includes details about Battle of the Bulge, and a vast amount of documents that pertain to war crime trials he oversaw as a judge advocate.\n        His case reports on war crimes make up the bulk of his collection and contain testimonies of those impacted, arrest reports, instances of maltreatment and murder, and other information. The files include testimonies of many impacted nationalities, American, Belgian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, and Ukrainian, The collection includes case files on concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück, Treblinka, Unterriexingen, Vaihingen an der Enz, Welzheim, and Wöbbelin. Also covered in the collection is various cities where forced labor occurred, such as Föhrenwald, Kaufbeuren, Kochendorf, Landsberg, Radom, Rottenburg, Rudersberg, Sandomierz, Ulm, and in notable factories like Daimler-Benz."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates."],"names_coll_ssim":["Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","Rausch, Andreas","Schmidt, Antoni","Zoltan, Farago","Lederhendler, Isaac","Szlafsztajn, Hersz","Tylbor, Rubin","Horewicz, Szlama","Ikok, Janja","Nanowi, Nikolai","Novikow, Nikolai","Aljberdowski, Joseph","King, Albert","Bankier, Israel","Biallan, Heinrich","Fath, Albert","Fellgiebel, Gustav","Finkielstein, Jankiel","Fotszaik, Selig","Fritz, Georg","Inobel, Moezek","Lehmann, Heins","Marthe, Ludwig","Marwit, Leo","Mathe, Otto","Mueller, Hermann","Mueller, Walter","Mueller, Herbert","Neumann, Richard","Schlonker, Herbert","Stock, Karl","Veunau, Rich","Claquim, Alfred","Defoe, Alfred","Klaus, Louis","Mardont, Ran","Peretz, Petro","Cutler, Rosita","Liabar, Hans","Ludman, Raymond","Maier, Johannes","Sztarkman, Henryk","Borensztajn, Mieczyslaw","Fernebuk, Israel","Goldberg, Mojzesz","Goldberg, Kelman","Gotfryd, Aleksander","Korman, Ladysz","Lipszyc, Israel","Lipszyc, Zelik","Ofzer, Pinkus","Rozenberg, Benjamin","Rozenblast, Icek","Wajberg, Israel","Werchajzer, Binem","Centkowski, Marjan","Chudzynski, Stanislaw","Dwerakowski, Stanislaw","Majzner, Stanislaw","Makowski, Mieczyslaw","Makowski, Eljanz","Malek, Jan","Oleski, Antoni","Plazak, Wojciech","Horewicz, Seweryn","Plaskets, Jan","Ratkowski, Eugenjusz","Skrzymski, Tadeusz","Zawierta, Tadensz","Gotfryd, Berek","Kowalczuk, Michal","Sadowski, Feliks","Adler, Szmul","Gutman, Marel","Herszenhern, Abram","Kure, Leon","Herszenhern, Chaim","Akiermann, Berek","Berger, Chaim","Berman, Icek","Chlebowski, Majer","Feldman, Szmul","Fuks, Szlama","Tyrangiel, Hersz","Gerbuer, Mordka","Gutensztajn, Mojzesz","Helfand, Szyja","Kranc, Jakub","Liberman, Szyja","Melchier, Dawid","Melchier, Jerzy","Najaun, Saul","Nisenkier, Mordka","Pinzenbaum, Jakub","Pinczewski, Mojzesz","Rozenbaum, Noe","Rozenbaum, Max","Rubin, Szmul","Sewn, Izak","Sztrajman, Abram","Wajsbert, Mosek","Kohn, Jankiel","Rajsfeld, Szulim","Rottman, Szymon","Blatman, Jakob","Gotfryd, Mendel","Mandelman, Rafal","Reschetow, Wassili, 1897-1943","Pasternak, Rubin, 1923-2001","Dula, Zysel, 1895-1969","Berman, Norbert, 1915-2002","Liebfeld, Josef, 1925-2010","Jakub, Klepfisz, 1911-2006","Wajntraub, Leon, 1916-1973","Klein, Eleanore, 1925-2000","Schelvis, Jules","Jablonski, Antoine, 1893-1944","Herrmann, Ludwig, 1899-1945","Brechenmacher, Hans, 1892-1975","Bechtle, Rheinholdt, 1907-1938","Couphos, Louis, 1922-2013","Bioret, Francis, 1922-1945","Scheinberg, Morris, 1911-1996","Zocher, George, 1921-1945","Sczcygiel, Phillip J., 1915-1984","Kaluza, Anthony J., 1918-1960","Mayer, Franz","Birukow, Alexander","Laymon, Lester, 1912-1995","Florks, Peter","Xanthopoulos, Michael","Vaphides, Dimitrios","Tsatsos, Constantin","Theodorides, Michael","Kukumialos, Dimitros","Wojtanek, Stanislaus","Gajmann, Charlot","Woronow, Boris","Lewzschenko, Peter","Zweig, Leo","Zolty, Joseph","Zelman, Kozakow","Rubinstein, Joseph","Korner, Hans","Kaplan, Isaac","Hoffman, Jacob","Gershinski, Hans","Sherman, Wilton J.","Blackford, Eugene A.","Zeller, William B.","Liphardt, Fritz, 1905-1947","Fuche, Karl","Steiger, Kurt","Voinrich, Hermann","Faller, Hermann","Buchenmayer, Konrad","Seifert, Hans","Rokita, Richard, 1894-1968","Bosse, Wilhelm, 1899-1947","Keim, Leonard","Frank, August, 1898-1984","Walcher, Georg","Kubn, Fritz","Mundrich, Fritz","Birkholt, Helena","Leicht, Heinrich","Foerster, Friederich, 1894-1970","Hagenmeyer, Erich, 1892-1963","Maier, Wilhelm, 1894-1947","Kloebek, Karl","Zoller, August","Kappenstein, Fritz","Heimerdinger, Wilhelm","Sax, Hans","Dahm, Anton","Weller, George","Rentachler, Albert","Maili, Franz","Murshel, Wilhelm","Krowez, Dimitri","Krowez, Oleg","Krowez, Peter","Schwarzhuber, Johann, 1904-1947","Eichelsdorfer, Johann, 1890-1946","Burger, Anton, 1911-1991","Jöst, Heinrich","Weiter, Eduard, 1889-1945","Blancke, Max, 1909-1945","Seidl, Sigfried, 1911-1947","Rahm, Karl, 1907-1947","Buchler, Albert","Schuls, Heinrich","Hahnen, Peter","Mengele, Josef, 1911-1979","Aumeier, Hans","Ruppert, Wilhelm, 1905-1946","Kapke, Erich, 1898-","Wiplinger, Alois, 1904-","Baier, Martin, 1913-","Hermer, Josef, 1894-","Bergl, Karl, 1902-","Eberle, Hermann","Strixner, George, 1888-","Loeff, Herbert, 1905-","Loeff, Hein, 1905","Heimerdinger, Albert, 1891-","von Langdorsf, Karl, 1895-","Schiessl, Georg, 1906-","Haug, Josef, 1902-","Bocherer, Julius, 1899-","Kurz, Georg, 1889-","Walther, Christian, 1891-","Bartsch, Willi, 1895-","Kowald, Joseph, 1886-","Hradilek, Fritz, 1906-","Saile, Wilhelm, 1895-","Dorr, Wilhelm, 1917-","Reis, Emil, 1899-","Schwarz, Hermann, 1896-","Schippers, Hans, 1914-","Janku, Franz, 1895-","Voigt, Karl, 1908-","Szegedi, Michael, 1921-","Birthelner, Johann, 1915-","Blaukowitsch, Franz, 1900-","Schauble, Robert, 1905-","Klein, Friederich","Goenhenwein, Gertrude, 1912-","Munz, Anna, 1903-","Meder, Magda, 1898-","Wolff, Martha, 1916-","Hiestand, Lucie, 1899-","Gebert, Karl, 1902-","Lautenschläger, Wilhelm, 1896-","Mandelman, Hersz, 1912-","Lindzen, Szymon, 1920-","Goldfarb, Chaskel, 1918-","Ender, Hersz, 1916-","Erlich, Wolf, 1921-","Birenbaum, Mordka, 1914-","Szerman, Fajwel, 1919-","Wajntal, Dawid, 1916-","Tabaksblat, Chaim, 1921-","Tabaksblat, Nusyn, 1894-","Taubenblat, Mordka, 1912-","Rapaport, Leib, 1909-","Rapaport, Majlech, 1897-","Przysuski, Chaim, 1927-","Lenderhendler, Jakob, 1912-","Kranc, Mojzesz, 1926-","Konar, Wolf, 1927-","Konar, Moszek, 1925-","Konar, Hersz, 1923-","Henik, Mojzesz, 1932-","Glinewiecki, Natan, 1908-","Tatarka, Chaim, 1924-","Butter, Israel, 1904-","Altman, Chaim, 1909-","Goldfarb, Szlama, 1925-","Fefer, Edmund, 1903-","Kwasny, Wikter","Demidziuk, Aleksander, 1903-","Weintraub, Gimpel, 1918-","Neufeld, Hersz, 1909-","Kampel, Szoel, 1913-","Kaminer, Aria-Leib, 1916-","Fryd, Mordka, 1916-","Fryd, Binem, 1910-","Elfand, Szyja, 1908-","Borensztajn, Chil, 1923-","Akiermann, Israel, 1921-","Sowa, Israel, 1904-","Morgan, Elkana, 1893-","Borensztajn, Majleich, 1904-","Keller, Hermann, 1888-","Zoltan, Lautman, 1924-","Koes, Mieozyslaw, 1917-","Adamczyk, Eugeniusz, 1904-","Celnikier, Jerzy, 1910-","Szymkicaviz, Lipa, 1906-","Grosz, Eugen, 1902-","Walkowsky, Marianne, 1923-","Häfele, Sigmund, 1892-","Franz, Kaster, 1903-","Vacaz Belda, Joachim, 1909-","Linde, Vineus, 1915-","Korn, Karl Christian, 1908-","Koch, Hermann, 1909-","Klenensas, Urboites, 1915-","Vogel, Worner, 1909-","Rosenberg, Leb, 1905-","Mueller, Jakob, 1899-","Mueller, Johannes, 1898-","Gaudion, Thomas","Beier, Maximilian, 1892-","Sager, Renadus, 1921-","Rudakow, Ivan, 1920-","Ritschakow, Nikolai, 1925-","Arabrewster, Theo, 1906-","Nikulie, Jakow, 1913-","Nasarow, Wasili, 1920-","Podsednicek, Steanislav, 1899-","Pireas, Nikaia, 1920-","Konigsmark, Wenzel, 1891-","Hanus, Bohumir, 1905-","Torczelewski, Stanislaus, 1921-","Schostak, Paul, 1916-","Krukow, Timofel, 1902-","Eremkin, Jakow, 1905-","Winogradow, Peter, 1920-","Guise, Zelamire, 1910-","Ywladimzowna, Rosa, 1923","Verhoest, Boudewen, 1925-","Poutrain, Gaston, 1922-","Korschemnea, Michl, 1923-","Heynraets, Johan, 1922-","de Doncker, Charles, 1896-","Baraboschin, George, 1919-","Zamolivitch, Joseph, 1923-","Weiss, Stephan, 1926-","Stropinsky, Leon, 1902-","Shochen, Edel, 1910-","Kovalevsky, Nicholas, 1926-","Rozensztajn, Israel","Rozencwajg, Mordka","Tugentman, Moszek","Wilczyk, Moszek, 1905-","Muszkatblat, Aleksander","Szwarckepf, Alex","Wildfeuer, Szymon, 1925-","Buchman, Chaskiel, 1901-","Brydowski, Kazimierz","Celeban, Marjan, 1910-","Kelanowski, Jerzy","Kohn, Juda","Levinger, Karl","Liszkewski, Jan","Nowicki, Eugeniusz","Rosinski, Ryszard, 1925-","Wajnsztok, Jerzy","Ajzenmann, Josek","Blajchman, Dawid, 1911-","Blajwas, Abram","Cwajszporn, Chaim, 1917-","Cymbalista, Josek, 1905-","Fajtebaum, Szraga","Kaplan, Mojzesz","Kaplan, Nusyn","Kuperszmidt, Szlama","Rosenbaum, Lewi, 1919-","Suchy, Moszek","Szerman, 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Boudewen, 1925-","Poutrain, Gaston, 1922-","Korschemnea, Michl, 1923-","Heynraets, Johan, 1922-","de Doncker, Charles, 1896-","Baraboschin, George, 1919-","Zamolivitch, Joseph, 1923-","Weiss, Stephan, 1926-","Stropinsky, Leon, 1902-","Shochen, Edel, 1910-","Kovalevsky, Nicholas, 1926-","Rozensztajn, Israel","Rozencwajg, Mordka","Tugentman, Moszek","Wilczyk, Moszek, 1905-","Muszkatblat, Aleksander","Szwarckepf, Alex","Wildfeuer, Szymon, 1925-","Buchman, Chaskiel, 1901-","Brydowski, Kazimierz","Celeban, Marjan, 1910-","Kelanowski, Jerzy","Kohn, Juda","Levinger, Karl","Liszkewski, Jan","Nowicki, Eugeniusz","Rosinski, Ryszard, 1925-","Wajnsztok, Jerzy","Ajzenmann, Josek","Blajchman, Dawid, 1911-","Blajwas, Abram","Cwajszporn, Chaim, 1917-","Cymbalista, Josek, 1905-","Fajtebaum, Szraga","Kaplan, Mojzesz","Kaplan, Nusyn","Kuperszmidt, Szlama","Rosenbaum, Lewi, 1919-","Suchy, Moszek","Szerman, Motek, 1885-","Wasserstrum, Jankiel, 1913-","Adamski, Eugenjusz","Olczak, Michal","Czunaj, Zbignion, 1929-","Benke, Stanislaw, 1922-","Krupa, Stanislaw, 1908-","Huba, Stanislaw","Nadar, Tadeusz, 1919-","Picezarowski, Tadeusz, 1921-","Rzewuski, Jozef","Slusarek, Czeslaw, 1913-","Szalinski, Poliks","Szukala, Hieronim","Zielinski, Marjan, 1919-","Cukier, Kepel, 1920-","Szejnman, Aleksander","Warchisker, Eariel","Kalmanowicz, Szmul","Kalmanowicz, Majer","Librach, Symcha, 1913-","Rychtman, Icek","Kohn, Moszek","Adler, Daniel","Adler, Rubin","Adler, Moszek","Frydman, Szmul","Huber, Chil","Morgen, Aron, 1924-","Waks, Szana, 1912-","Sytner, Tadeusz","Chmielnicki, Jan","Czyzykowski, Czeslaw, 1921-","Giarmatin, Andreas","Grzeskiewicz, Edward","Kyjak, Stanislaw, 1925-","Kur, Wladyslaw, 1904-","Modzelewski, Josef","Moritz, Tadeusz, 1926-","Nagy, Lajos","Resinski, Josef","Rychowiecki, Mieczyslaw","Sajduda, Eugeniusz","Solecki, Tadeusz","Szymkowski, Mieczyslaw, 1909-","Urbanski, Boleslaw","Wosk, Wladyslaw","Witas, Jan","Zieminiski, Stanislaw, 1904-","Ziemba, Jozef","Zuckermann, Peter, 1926-","Fajtek, Berek, 1910-","Dancygier, Israel, 1894-","Langlieb, Zajnwel","Finkielsztajn, Mieczyslaw","Birenbaum, Uszer, 1911-","Gutman, Israel, 1906-","Pasternak, Mayer, 1910-","Kirszencwajg, Wigdor","Rozenberg, Yehuda","Salawa, Wladyslaw, 1913-","Tenanbaum, Mojzesz","Kue, Stefan","von Bonnefont, Jacqueline","Boucher, Michel","Dubois, Franois, 1919-","Giacome, Laurent","Gornik, Adam","Kohn, Marcel","Maier, Johann, 1903-","Bach, Herbert","Ehgartner, Franz","Hirsch, Fritz","Kujath, Hans, 1907-1963","Peters, Alfons","Warzocha, Paul","Hofer, Hermann","Kiegler, Rudolph","Becker, Wilhelm","Kaefer, Karl","Kuhn, Wilhelm","Ebner, Otto","Specht, Karl","Maile, Hans","Bauer, Alfred","Bauer, Paul","Hofmann, Franz, 1906-1973","Moll, Otto, 1915-1946","Schillinger, Josef, 1908-1943","Weber, Joseph, 1902-","Pusenko, Karl","Buck, Karl, 1894-1977","Kramer, Alfred, 1898-1946","Wagner, Wilhelm, 1904-1946","Freuss, Franz","Held, Emil","Gonzalez, Jose","Frielink, David, 1924-","Finkelstein, Jakub","Gensenden, Johann","Nounig, Paul","Strutz, Ernst","Wisstonky, Ernst","Staphan, Wojda","Biemans, Paul, 1923-","Mielczarz, Stanislaw, 1922-","Skubaczowski, Stanislaw","Ejzman, Abram","Ejzman, Gabriel","Pajaezkowski, Wladyslaw","Szuck, Czeslaw","Lodekendler, Izak","Zysman, Fiszel","Maleman, Bajreek","Ziumerspitz, Abram","Friedlender, Georg","Kreps, Mojzesz","Auielkowaski, Edward","Buzynaki, Juljan","Bylik, Jan","Sulafsztajn, Szulim","Benke, Teofil","Galinski, Jozef","Koseialecki, Kazimierz","Slowek, Henryk","Grzenzezak, Zdzislaw","Sterk, Arpad","Szepski, Eugenjusz","Szezawinski, Edward","Wojeiowski, Jerzy","Wozniak, Roman, 1928-","Zak, Jan","Kue, Amolia, 1924-","Pijanowski, Hieromin, 1923-","Knittel, Else","Walerjanowitsch, Polakowskjj Stepan, 1913-","Spelbrink, Izaak George, 1918-","Sergejewitch, Kryzanowskij Gregor","Olexandrowitsch, Schalanij Sachar","Kondratowitch, Marchuk Michael, 1924-"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","timestamp":"2026-07-09T03:02:39.621Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199960"}},{"id":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199956","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Mistreatment of Prisoners at Bernau bei Berlin, April-May 1945","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199956#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eSubcamp of Sachsenhausen. Contains testimonies from witnesses, perpatrators, and persons impacted, a food allocation chart, and a two week grocery list.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199956#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_199956","ref_ssm":["aspace_199956","aspace_199956"],"id":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea_aspace_199956","title_filing_ssi":"Mistreatment of Prisoners at Bernau bei Berlin","title_ssm":["Mistreatment of Prisoners at Bernau bei Berlin"],"title_tesim":["Mistreatment of Prisoners at Bernau bei Berlin"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["April-May 1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["April-May 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mistreatment of Prisoners at Bernau bei Berlin, April-May 1945"],"text":["Mistreatment of Prisoners at Bernau bei Berlin, April-May 1945","Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014","004","/repositories/10/archival_objects/143999","14.0024 - Box 2","folder 004","Subcamp of Sachsenhausen. Contains testimonies from witnesses, perpatrators, and persons impacted, a food allocation chart, and a two week grocery list."],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["22751aa9c303e61c12564fea"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["004","/repositories/10/archival_objects/143999"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":18,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates."],"date_range_isim":[1945],"containers_ssim":["14.0024 - Box 2","folder 004"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSubcamp of Sachsenhausen. Contains testimonies from witnesses, perpatrators, and persons impacted, a food allocation chart, and a two week grocery list.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Subcamp of Sachsenhausen. Contains testimonies from witnesses, perpatrators, and persons impacted, a food allocation chart, and a two week grocery list."],"_nest_path_":"/components#17","_nest_parent_":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","_root_":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","timestamp":"2026-07-09T03:02:39.621Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","title_ssm":["Wilson D. Brooks papers"],"title_tesim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers"],"ead_ssi":"22751aa9c303e61c12564fea","unitdate_ssm":["1944-1946","Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1944-1946"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["14.0024","/repositories/10/resources/1052"],"text":["14.0024","/repositories/10/resources/1052","Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014","Dachau (Concentration camp)","War criminals--Germany","World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities","Vaihingen an der Enz (Concentration camp)","Treblinka (Concentration camp)","Ravensbrück (Concentration camp)","Neuengamme (Concentration camp)","Natzweiler-Struthof (Concentration camp)","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps","World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Sources","War criminals.","This collection is open to all researchers.","Wilson Dean Brooks was born in Pensacola, Florida on May 12, 1912. He married his wife on December 20, 1942 in Georgia. Brooks enlisted in the United States Army on February 22, 1941 at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida. He served in the Company B 825th tank destroyer battalion and 42nd Infantry Division as a 1st Lieutenant. After Germany surrendered he worked as a judge advocate during the military trials in Europe. He retired from the United States Army on April 26, 1946. Brooks passed away on October 7, 1983 at the age of 71.","Entered 3/18/2017","Revisied 4/15/2017","Revisied 4/16/2017","Revisied 4/18/2017\n    Revised 5/27/2020","Wilson Dean Brooks participated in significant events during and after World War II. He was a part of the liberation of Dachau, Battle of the Bulge, and worked as an investigator for the War Crimes Board. His collection contains photographs capturing the liberation of Dachau, a journal describing military life in Europe, which includes details about Battle of the Bulge, and a vast amount of documents that pertain to war crime trials he oversaw as a judge advocate.\n        His case reports on war crimes make up the bulk of his collection and contain testimonies of those impacted, arrest reports, instances of maltreatment and murder, and other information. The files include testimonies of many impacted nationalities, American, Belgian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, and Ukrainian, The collection includes case files on concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück, Treblinka, Unterriexingen, Vaihingen an der Enz, Welzheim, and Wöbbelin. Also covered in the collection is various cities where forced labor occurred, such as Föhrenwald, Kaufbeuren, Kochendorf, Landsberg, Radom, Rottenburg, Rudersberg, Sandomierz, Ulm, and in notable factories like Daimler-Benz.","Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983","Rausch, Andreas","Schmidt, Antoni","Zoltan, Farago","Lederhendler, Isaac","Szlafsztajn, Hersz","Tylbor, Rubin","Horewicz, Szlama","Ikok, Janja","Nanowi, Nikolai","Novikow, Nikolai","Aljberdowski, Joseph","King, Albert","Bankier, Israel","Biallan, Heinrich","Fath, Albert","Fellgiebel, Gustav","Finkielstein, Jankiel","Fotszaik, Selig","Fritz, Georg","Inobel, Moezek","Lehmann, Heins","Marthe, Ludwig","Marwit, Leo","Mathe, Otto","Mueller, Hermann","Mueller, Walter","Mueller, Herbert","Neumann, Richard","Schlonker, Herbert","Stock, Karl","Veunau, Rich","Claquim, Alfred","Defoe, Alfred","Klaus, Louis","Mardont, Ran","Peretz, Petro","Cutler, Rosita","Liabar, Hans","Ludman, Raymond","Maier, Johannes","Sztarkman, Henryk","Borensztajn, Mieczyslaw","Fernebuk, Israel","Goldberg, Mojzesz","Goldberg, Kelman","Gotfryd, Aleksander","Korman, Ladysz","Lipszyc, Israel","Lipszyc, Zelik","Ofzer, Pinkus","Rozenberg, Benjamin","Rozenblast, Icek","Wajberg, Israel","Werchajzer, Binem","Centkowski, Marjan","Chudzynski, Stanislaw","Dwerakowski, Stanislaw","Majzner, Stanislaw","Makowski, Mieczyslaw","Makowski, Eljanz","Malek, Jan","Oleski, Antoni","Plazak, Wojciech","Horewicz, Seweryn","Plaskets, Jan","Ratkowski, Eugenjusz","Skrzymski, Tadeusz","Zawierta, Tadensz","Gotfryd, Berek","Kowalczuk, Michal","Sadowski, Feliks","Adler, Szmul","Gutman, Marel","Herszenhern, Abram","Kure, Leon","Herszenhern, Chaim","Akiermann, Berek","Berger, Chaim","Berman, Icek","Chlebowski, Majer","Feldman, Szmul","Fuks, Szlama","Tyrangiel, Hersz","Gerbuer, Mordka","Gutensztajn, Mojzesz","Helfand, Szyja","Kranc, Jakub","Liberman, Szyja","Melchier, Dawid","Melchier, Jerzy","Najaun, Saul","Nisenkier, Mordka","Pinzenbaum, Jakub","Pinczewski, Mojzesz","Rozenbaum, Noe","Rozenbaum, Max","Rubin, Szmul","Sewn, Izak","Sztrajman, Abram","Wajsbert, Mosek","Kohn, Jankiel","Rajsfeld, Szulim","Rottman, Szymon","Blatman, Jakob","Gotfryd, Mendel","Mandelman, Rafal","Reschetow, Wassili, 1897-1943","Pasternak, Rubin, 1923-2001","Dula, Zysel, 1895-1969","Berman, Norbert, 1915-2002","Liebfeld, Josef, 1925-2010","Jakub, Klepfisz, 1911-2006","Wajntraub, Leon, 1916-1973","Klein, Eleanore, 1925-2000","Schelvis, Jules","Jablonski, Antoine, 1893-1944","Herrmann, Ludwig, 1899-1945","Brechenmacher, Hans, 1892-1975","Bechtle, Rheinholdt, 1907-1938","Couphos, Louis, 1922-2013","Bioret, Francis, 1922-1945","Scheinberg, Morris, 1911-1996","Zocher, George, 1921-1945","Sczcygiel, Phillip J., 1915-1984","Kaluza, Anthony J., 1918-1960","Mayer, Franz","Birukow, Alexander","Laymon, Lester, 1912-1995","Florks, Peter","Xanthopoulos, Michael","Vaphides, Dimitrios","Tsatsos, Constantin","Theodorides, Michael","Kukumialos, Dimitros","Wojtanek, Stanislaus","Gajmann, Charlot","Woronow, Boris","Lewzschenko, Peter","Zweig, Leo","Zolty, Joseph","Zelman, Kozakow","Rubinstein, Joseph","Korner, Hans","Kaplan, Isaac","Hoffman, Jacob","Gershinski, Hans","Sherman, Wilton J.","Blackford, Eugene A.","Zeller, William B.","Liphardt, Fritz, 1905-1947","Fuche, Karl","Steiger, Kurt","Voinrich, Hermann","Faller, Hermann","Buchenmayer, Konrad","Seifert, Hans","Rokita, Richard, 1894-1968","Bosse, Wilhelm, 1899-1947","Keim, Leonard","Frank, August, 1898-1984","Walcher, Georg","Kubn, Fritz","Mundrich, Fritz","Birkholt, Helena","Leicht, Heinrich","Foerster, Friederich, 1894-1970","Hagenmeyer, Erich, 1892-1963","Maier, Wilhelm, 1894-1947","Kloebek, Karl","Zoller, August","Kappenstein, Fritz","Heimerdinger, Wilhelm","Sax, Hans","Dahm, Anton","Weller, George","Rentachler, Albert","Maili, Franz","Murshel, Wilhelm","Krowez, Dimitri","Krowez, Oleg","Krowez, Peter","Schwarzhuber, Johann, 1904-1947","Eichelsdorfer, Johann, 1890-1946","Burger, Anton, 1911-1991","Jöst, Heinrich","Weiter, Eduard, 1889-1945","Blancke, Max, 1909-1945","Seidl, Sigfried, 1911-1947","Rahm, Karl, 1907-1947","Buchler, Albert","Schuls, Heinrich","Hahnen, Peter","Mengele, Josef, 1911-1979","Aumeier, Hans","Ruppert, Wilhelm, 1905-1946","Kapke, Erich, 1898-","Wiplinger, Alois, 1904-","Baier, Martin, 1913-","Hermer, Josef, 1894-","Bergl, Karl, 1902-","Eberle, Hermann","Strixner, George, 1888-","Loeff, Herbert, 1905-","Loeff, Hein, 1905","Heimerdinger, Albert, 1891-","von Langdorsf, Karl, 1895-","Schiessl, Georg, 1906-","Haug, Josef, 1902-","Bocherer, Julius, 1899-","Kurz, Georg, 1889-","Walther, Christian, 1891-","Bartsch, Willi, 1895-","Kowald, Joseph, 1886-","Hradilek, Fritz, 1906-","Saile, Wilhelm, 1895-","Dorr, Wilhelm, 1917-","Reis, Emil, 1899-","Schwarz, Hermann, 1896-","Schippers, Hans, 1914-","Janku, Franz, 1895-","Voigt, Karl, 1908-","Szegedi, Michael, 1921-","Birthelner, Johann, 1915-","Blaukowitsch, Franz, 1900-","Schauble, Robert, 1905-","Klein, Friederich","Goenhenwein, Gertrude, 1912-","Munz, Anna, 1903-","Meder, Magda, 1898-","Wolff, Martha, 1916-","Hiestand, Lucie, 1899-","Gebert, Karl, 1902-","Lautenschläger, Wilhelm, 1896-","Mandelman, Hersz, 1912-","Lindzen, Szymon, 1920-","Goldfarb, Chaskel, 1918-","Ender, Hersz, 1916-","Erlich, Wolf, 1921-","Birenbaum, Mordka, 1914-","Szerman, Fajwel, 1919-","Wajntal, Dawid, 1916-","Tabaksblat, Chaim, 1921-","Tabaksblat, Nusyn, 1894-","Taubenblat, Mordka, 1912-","Rapaport, Leib, 1909-","Rapaport, Majlech, 1897-","Przysuski, Chaim, 1927-","Lenderhendler, Jakob, 1912-","Kranc, Mojzesz, 1926-","Konar, Wolf, 1927-","Konar, Moszek, 1925-","Konar, Hersz, 1923-","Henik, Mojzesz, 1932-","Glinewiecki, Natan, 1908-","Tatarka, Chaim, 1924-","Butter, Israel, 1904-","Altman, Chaim, 1909-","Goldfarb, Szlama, 1925-","Fefer, Edmund, 1903-","Kwasny, Wikter","Demidziuk, Aleksander, 1903-","Weintraub, Gimpel, 1918-","Neufeld, Hersz, 1909-","Kampel, Szoel, 1913-","Kaminer, Aria-Leib, 1916-","Fryd, Mordka, 1916-","Fryd, Binem, 1910-","Elfand, Szyja, 1908-","Borensztajn, Chil, 1923-","Akiermann, Israel, 1921-","Sowa, Israel, 1904-","Morgan, Elkana, 1893-","Borensztajn, Majleich, 1904-","Keller, Hermann, 1888-","Zoltan, Lautman, 1924-","Koes, Mieozyslaw, 1917-","Adamczyk, Eugeniusz, 1904-","Celnikier, Jerzy, 1910-","Szymkicaviz, Lipa, 1906-","Grosz, Eugen, 1902-","Walkowsky, Marianne, 1923-","Häfele, Sigmund, 1892-","Franz, Kaster, 1903-","Vacaz Belda, Joachim, 1909-","Linde, Vineus, 1915-","Korn, Karl Christian, 1908-","Koch, Hermann, 1909-","Klenensas, Urboites, 1915-","Vogel, Worner, 1909-","Rosenberg, Leb, 1905-","Mueller, Jakob, 1899-","Mueller, Johannes, 1898-","Gaudion, Thomas","Beier, Maximilian, 1892-","Sager, Renadus, 1921-","Rudakow, Ivan, 1920-","Ritschakow, Nikolai, 1925-","Arabrewster, Theo, 1906-","Nikulie, Jakow, 1913-","Nasarow, Wasili, 1920-","Podsednicek, Steanislav, 1899-","Pireas, Nikaia, 1920-","Konigsmark, Wenzel, 1891-","Hanus, Bohumir, 1905-","Torczelewski, Stanislaus, 1921-","Schostak, Paul, 1916-","Krukow, 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1919-","Suchy, Moszek","Szerman, Motek, 1885-","Wasserstrum, Jankiel, 1913-","Adamski, Eugenjusz","Olczak, Michal","Czunaj, Zbignion, 1929-","Benke, Stanislaw, 1922-","Krupa, Stanislaw, 1908-","Huba, Stanislaw","Nadar, Tadeusz, 1919-","Picezarowski, Tadeusz, 1921-","Rzewuski, Jozef","Slusarek, Czeslaw, 1913-","Szalinski, Poliks","Szukala, Hieronim","Zielinski, Marjan, 1919-","Cukier, Kepel, 1920-","Szejnman, Aleksander","Warchisker, Eariel","Kalmanowicz, Szmul","Kalmanowicz, Majer","Librach, Symcha, 1913-","Rychtman, Icek","Kohn, Moszek","Adler, Daniel","Adler, Rubin","Adler, Moszek","Frydman, Szmul","Huber, Chil","Morgen, Aron, 1924-","Waks, Szana, 1912-","Sytner, Tadeusz","Chmielnicki, Jan","Czyzykowski, Czeslaw, 1921-","Giarmatin, Andreas","Grzeskiewicz, Edward","Kyjak, Stanislaw, 1925-","Kur, Wladyslaw, 1904-","Modzelewski, Josef","Moritz, Tadeusz, 1926-","Nagy, Lajos","Resinski, Josef","Rychowiecki, Mieczyslaw","Sajduda, Eugeniusz","Solecki, Tadeusz","Szymkowski, Mieczyslaw, 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Sachar","Kondratowitch, Marchuk Michael, 1924-","English"],"unitid_tesim":["14.0024","/repositories/10/resources/1052"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"collection_ssim":["Wilson D. Brooks papers, 1944-1946, Date acquired: 05/02/2014"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Dachau (Concentration camp)"],"geogname_ssim":["Dachau (Concentration camp)"],"creator_ssm":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"creator_ssim":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"creators_ssim":["Brooks, Wilson D., 1912-1983"],"places_ssim":["Dachau (Concentration camp)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Wilson D. Brooks","Donated"],"access_subjects_ssim":["War criminals--Germany","World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities","Vaihingen an der Enz (Concentration camp)","Treblinka (Concentration camp)","Ravensbrück (Concentration camp)","Neuengamme (Concentration camp)","Natzweiler-Struthof (Concentration camp)","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps","World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Sources","War criminals."],"access_subjects_ssm":["War criminals--Germany","World War, 1939-1945--Atrocities","Vaihingen an der Enz (Concentration camp)","Treblinka (Concentration camp)","Ravensbrück (Concentration camp)","Neuengamme (Concentration camp)","Natzweiler-Struthof (Concentration camp)","World War, 1939-1945--Concentration camps","World War, 1939-1945--Prisoners and prisons","Ardennes, Battle of the, 1944-1945","Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Sources","War criminals."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.00 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.00 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1944,1945,1946],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilson Dean Brooks was born in Pensacola, Florida on May 12, 1912. He married his wife on December 20, 1942 in Georgia. Brooks enlisted in the United States Army on February 22, 1941 at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida. He served in the Company B 825th tank destroyer battalion and 42nd Infantry Division as a 1st Lieutenant. After Germany surrendered he worked as a judge advocate during the military trials in Europe. He retired from the United States Army on April 26, 1946. Brooks passed away on October 7, 1983 at the age of 71.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wilson Dean Brooks was born in Pensacola, Florida on May 12, 1912. He married his wife on December 20, 1942 in Georgia. Brooks enlisted in the United States Army on February 22, 1941 at Camp Blanding in Starke, Florida. He served in the Company B 825th tank destroyer battalion and 42nd Infantry Division as a 1st Lieutenant. After Germany surrendered he worked as a judge advocate during the military trials in Europe. He retired from the United States Army on April 26, 1946. Brooks passed away on October 7, 1983 at the age of 71."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBrooks, Wilson D., Papers. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_14_0024\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_14_0024\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Brooks, Wilson D., Papers. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_14_0024 ."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEntered 3/18/2017\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevisied 4/15/2017\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevisied 4/16/2017\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevisied 4/18/2017\n    Revised 5/27/2020\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Entered 3/18/2017","Revisied 4/15/2017","Revisied 4/16/2017","Revisied 4/18/2017\n    Revised 5/27/2020"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilson Dean Brooks participated in significant events during and after World War II. He was a part of the liberation of Dachau, Battle of the Bulge, and worked as an investigator for the War Crimes Board. His collection contains photographs capturing the liberation of Dachau, a journal describing military life in Europe, which includes details about Battle of the Bulge, and a vast amount of documents that pertain to war crime trials he oversaw as a judge advocate.\n        His case reports on war crimes make up the bulk of his collection and contain testimonies of those impacted, arrest reports, instances of maltreatment and murder, and other information. The files include testimonies of many impacted nationalities, American, Belgian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, and Ukrainian, The collection includes case files on concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbr\u0026#xFC;ck, Treblinka, Unterriexingen, Vaihingen an der Enz, Welzheim, and W\u0026#xF6;bbelin. Also covered in the collection is various cities where forced labor occurred, such as F\u0026#xF6;hrenwald, Kaufbeuren, Kochendorf, Landsberg, Radom, Rottenburg, Rudersberg, Sandomierz, Ulm, and in notable factories like Daimler-Benz.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Wilson Dean Brooks participated in significant events during and after World War II. He was a part of the liberation of Dachau, Battle of the Bulge, and worked as an investigator for the War Crimes Board. His collection contains photographs capturing the liberation of Dachau, a journal describing military life in Europe, which includes details about Battle of the Bulge, and a vast amount of documents that pertain to war crime trials he oversaw as a judge advocate.\n        His case reports on war crimes make up the bulk of his collection and contain testimonies of those impacted, arrest reports, instances of maltreatment and murder, and other information. The files include testimonies of many impacted nationalities, American, Belgian, Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, and Ukrainian, The collection includes case files on concentration camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück, Treblinka, Unterriexingen, Vaihingen an der Enz, Welzheim, and Wöbbelin. Also covered in the collection is various cities where forced labor occurred, such as Föhrenwald, Kaufbeuren, Kochendorf, Landsberg, Radom, Rottenburg, Rudersberg, Sandomierz, Ulm, and in notable factories like Daimler-Benz."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast works from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience must be requested and granted in writing by the director of the Institute. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Institute on World War II as the owner of the physical items and the copyright holder. Possession of a copy of an item does not constitute permission to publish, exhibit, or broadcast it. The Institute on World War II and the Human Experience reserves the right to refuse permission to individuals and publishers who have not complied with its policies. Permission fees must be paid before images are provided. Please contact the director of the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience for current publication and duplication rates."],"names_coll_ssim":["Auschwitz (Concentration camp)","Rausch, Andreas","Schmidt, Antoni","Zoltan, Farago","Lederhendler, Isaac","Szlafsztajn, Hersz","Tylbor, Rubin","Horewicz, Szlama","Ikok, Janja","Nanowi, Nikolai","Novikow, Nikolai","Aljberdowski, Joseph","King, Albert","Bankier, Israel","Biallan, Heinrich","Fath, Albert","Fellgiebel, Gustav","Finkielstein, Jankiel","Fotszaik, Selig","Fritz, Georg","Inobel, Moezek","Lehmann, Heins","Marthe, Ludwig","Marwit, Leo","Mathe, Otto","Mueller, Hermann","Mueller, Walter","Mueller, Herbert","Neumann, Richard","Schlonker, Herbert","Stock, Karl","Veunau, Rich","Claquim, Alfred","Defoe, Alfred","Klaus, Louis","Mardont, Ran","Peretz, Petro","Cutler, Rosita","Liabar, Hans","Ludman, Raymond","Maier, Johannes","Sztarkman, Henryk","Borensztajn, Mieczyslaw","Fernebuk, Israel","Goldberg, Mojzesz","Goldberg, Kelman","Gotfryd, Aleksander","Korman, Ladysz","Lipszyc, Israel","Lipszyc, Zelik","Ofzer, Pinkus","Rozenberg, Benjamin","Rozenblast, Icek","Wajberg, Israel","Werchajzer, Binem","Centkowski, Marjan","Chudzynski, Stanislaw","Dwerakowski, Stanislaw","Majzner, Stanislaw","Makowski, Mieczyslaw","Makowski, Eljanz","Malek, Jan","Oleski, Antoni","Plazak, Wojciech","Horewicz, Seweryn","Plaskets, Jan","Ratkowski, Eugenjusz","Skrzymski, Tadeusz","Zawierta, Tadensz","Gotfryd, Berek","Kowalczuk, Michal","Sadowski, Feliks","Adler, Szmul","Gutman, Marel","Herszenhern, Abram","Kure, Leon","Herszenhern, Chaim","Akiermann, Berek","Berger, Chaim","Berman, Icek","Chlebowski, Majer","Feldman, Szmul","Fuks, Szlama","Tyrangiel, Hersz","Gerbuer, Mordka","Gutensztajn, Mojzesz","Helfand, Szyja","Kranc, Jakub","Liberman, Szyja","Melchier, Dawid","Melchier, Jerzy","Najaun, Saul","Nisenkier, Mordka","Pinzenbaum, Jakub","Pinczewski, Mojzesz","Rozenbaum, Noe","Rozenbaum, Max","Rubin, Szmul","Sewn, Izak","Sztrajman, Abram","Wajsbert, Mosek","Kohn, Jankiel","Rajsfeld, Szulim","Rottman, Szymon","Blatman, Jakob","Gotfryd, Mendel","Mandelman, Rafal","Reschetow, Wassili, 1897-1943","Pasternak, Rubin, 1923-2001","Dula, Zysel, 1895-1969","Berman, Norbert, 1915-2002","Liebfeld, Josef, 1925-2010","Jakub, Klepfisz, 1911-2006","Wajntraub, Leon, 1916-1973","Klein, Eleanore, 1925-2000","Schelvis, Jules","Jablonski, Antoine, 1893-1944","Herrmann, Ludwig, 1899-1945","Brechenmacher, Hans, 1892-1975","Bechtle, Rheinholdt, 1907-1938","Couphos, Louis, 1922-2013","Bioret, Francis, 1922-1945","Scheinberg, Morris, 1911-1996","Zocher, George, 1921-1945","Sczcygiel, Phillip J., 1915-1984","Kaluza, Anthony J., 1918-1960","Mayer, Franz","Birukow, Alexander","Laymon, Lester, 1912-1995","Florks, Peter","Xanthopoulos, Michael","Vaphides, Dimitrios","Tsatsos, Constantin","Theodorides, Michael","Kukumialos, Dimitros","Wojtanek, Stanislaus","Gajmann, Charlot","Woronow, Boris","Lewzschenko, Peter","Zweig, Leo","Zolty, Joseph","Zelman, Kozakow","Rubinstein, Joseph","Korner, Hans","Kaplan, Isaac","Hoffman, Jacob","Gershinski, Hans","Sherman, Wilton J.","Blackford, Eugene A.","Zeller, William B.","Liphardt, Fritz, 1905-1947","Fuche, Karl","Steiger, Kurt","Voinrich, Hermann","Faller, Hermann","Buchenmayer, Konrad","Seifert, Hans","Rokita, Richard, 1894-1968","Bosse, Wilhelm, 1899-1947","Keim, Leonard","Frank, August, 1898-1984","Walcher, Georg","Kubn, Fritz","Mundrich, Fritz","Birkholt, Helena","Leicht, Heinrich","Foerster, Friederich, 1894-1970","Hagenmeyer, Erich, 1892-1963","Maier, Wilhelm, 1894-1947","Kloebek, Karl","Zoller, August","Kappenstein, Fritz","Heimerdinger, Wilhelm","Sax, Hans","Dahm, Anton","Weller, George","Rentachler, Albert","Maili, Franz","Murshel, Wilhelm","Krowez, Dimitri","Krowez, Oleg","Krowez, Peter","Schwarzhuber, Johann, 1904-1947","Eichelsdorfer, Johann, 1890-1946","Burger, Anton, 1911-1991","Jöst, Heinrich","Weiter, Eduard, 1889-1945","Blancke, Max, 1909-1945","Seidl, Sigfried, 1911-1947","Rahm, Karl, 1907-1947","Buchler, Albert","Schuls, Heinrich","Hahnen, Peter","Mengele, Josef, 1911-1979","Aumeier, Hans","Ruppert, Wilhelm, 1905-1946","Kapke, Erich, 1898-","Wiplinger, Alois, 1904-","Baier, Martin, 1913-","Hermer, Josef, 1894-","Bergl, Karl, 1902-","Eberle, Hermann","Strixner, George, 1888-","Loeff, Herbert, 1905-","Loeff, Hein, 1905","Heimerdinger, Albert, 1891-","von Langdorsf, Karl, 1895-","Schiessl, Georg, 1906-","Haug, Josef, 1902-","Bocherer, Julius, 1899-","Kurz, Georg, 1889-","Walther, Christian, 1891-","Bartsch, Willi, 1895-","Kowald, Joseph, 1886-","Hradilek, Fritz, 1906-","Saile, Wilhelm, 1895-","Dorr, Wilhelm, 1917-","Reis, Emil, 1899-","Schwarz, Hermann, 1896-","Schippers, Hans, 1914-","Janku, Franz, 1895-","Voigt, Karl, 1908-","Szegedi, Michael, 1921-","Birthelner, Johann, 1915-","Blaukowitsch, Franz, 1900-","Schauble, Robert, 1905-","Klein, Friederich","Goenhenwein, Gertrude, 1912-","Munz, Anna, 1903-","Meder, Magda, 1898-","Wolff, Martha, 1916-","Hiestand, Lucie, 1899-","Gebert, Karl, 1902-","Lautenschläger, Wilhelm, 1896-","Mandelman, Hersz, 1912-","Lindzen, Szymon, 1920-","Goldfarb, Chaskel, 1918-","Ender, Hersz, 1916-","Erlich, Wolf, 1921-","Birenbaum, Mordka, 1914-","Szerman, Fajwel, 1919-","Wajntal, Dawid, 1916-","Tabaksblat, Chaim, 1921-","Tabaksblat, Nusyn, 1894-","Taubenblat, Mordka, 1912-","Rapaport, Leib, 1909-","Rapaport, Majlech, 1897-","Przysuski, Chaim, 1927-","Lenderhendler, Jakob, 1912-","Kranc, Mojzesz, 1926-","Konar, Wolf, 1927-","Konar, Moszek, 1925-","Konar, Hersz, 1923-","Henik, Mojzesz, 1932-","Glinewiecki, Natan, 1908-","Tatarka, Chaim, 1924-","Butter, Israel, 1904-","Altman, Chaim, 1909-","Goldfarb, Szlama, 1925-","Fefer, Edmund, 1903-","Kwasny, Wikter","Demidziuk, Aleksander, 1903-","Weintraub, Gimpel, 1918-","Neufeld, Hersz, 1909-","Kampel, Szoel, 1913-","Kaminer, Aria-Leib, 1916-","Fryd, Mordka, 1916-","Fryd, Binem, 1910-","Elfand, Szyja, 1908-","Borensztajn, Chil, 1923-","Akiermann, Israel, 1921-","Sowa, Israel, 1904-","Morgan, Elkana, 1893-","Borensztajn, Majleich, 1904-","Keller, Hermann, 1888-","Zoltan, Lautman, 1924-","Koes, Mieozyslaw, 1917-","Adamczyk, Eugeniusz, 1904-","Celnikier, Jerzy, 1910-","Szymkicaviz, Lipa, 1906-","Grosz, Eugen, 1902-","Walkowsky, Marianne, 1923-","Häfele, Sigmund, 1892-","Franz, Kaster, 1903-","Vacaz Belda, Joachim, 1909-","Linde, Vineus, 1915-","Korn, Karl Christian, 1908-","Koch, Hermann, 1909-","Klenensas, Urboites, 1915-","Vogel, Worner, 1909-","Rosenberg, Leb, 1905-","Mueller, Jakob, 1899-","Mueller, Johannes, 1898-","Gaudion, Thomas","Beier, Maximilian, 1892-","Sager, Renadus, 1921-","Rudakow, Ivan, 1920-","Ritschakow, Nikolai, 1925-","Arabrewster, Theo, 1906-","Nikulie, Jakow, 1913-","Nasarow, Wasili, 1920-","Podsednicek, Steanislav, 1899-","Pireas, Nikaia, 1920-","Konigsmark, Wenzel, 1891-","Hanus, Bohumir, 1905-","Torczelewski, Stanislaus, 1921-","Schostak, Paul, 1916-","Krukow, Timofel, 1902-","Eremkin, Jakow, 1905-","Winogradow, Peter, 1920-","Guise, Zelamire, 1910-","Ywladimzowna, Rosa, 1923","Verhoest, Boudewen, 1925-","Poutrain, Gaston, 1922-","Korschemnea, Michl, 1923-","Heynraets, Johan, 1922-","de Doncker, Charles, 1896-","Baraboschin, George, 1919-","Zamolivitch, Joseph, 1923-","Weiss, Stephan, 1926-","Stropinsky, Leon, 1902-","Shochen, Edel, 1910-","Kovalevsky, Nicholas, 1926-","Rozensztajn, Israel","Rozencwajg, Mordka","Tugentman, Moszek","Wilczyk, Moszek, 1905-","Muszkatblat, Aleksander","Szwarckepf, Alex","Wildfeuer, Szymon, 1925-","Buchman, Chaskiel, 1901-","Brydowski, Kazimierz","Celeban, Marjan, 1910-","Kelanowski, Jerzy","Kohn, Juda","Levinger, Karl","Liszkewski, Jan","Nowicki, Eugeniusz","Rosinski, Ryszard, 1925-","Wajnsztok, Jerzy","Ajzenmann, Josek","Blajchman, Dawid, 1911-","Blajwas, Abram","Cwajszporn, Chaim, 1917-","Cymbalista, Josek, 1905-","Fajtebaum, Szraga","Kaplan, Mojzesz","Kaplan, Nusyn","Kuperszmidt, Szlama","Rosenbaum, Lewi, 1919-","Suchy, Moszek","Szerman, 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