{"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1927\u0026page=49\u0026view=compact","prev":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1927\u0026page=48\u0026view=compact","next":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1927\u0026page=50\u0026view=compact","last":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1927\u0026page=208\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":49,"next_page":50,"prev_page":48,"total_pages":208,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":480,"total_count":2076,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3_aspace_1414","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Cremations Index, 1926-1946","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3_aspace_1414#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_1414","ref_ssm":["aspace_1414","aspace_1414"],"id":"e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3_aspace_1414","title_filing_ssi":"Cremations Index","title_ssm":["Cremations Index"],"title_tesim":["Cremations Index"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1926-1946"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1926-1946"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cremations Index, 1926-1946"],"text":["Cremations Index, 1926-1946","Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955","Cremation Records. 1926-1949, 1926-1949","Item 11","/repositories/4/archival_objects/3805","box 7"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3","e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3_aspace_1406"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955","Cremation Records. 1926-1949, 1926-1949"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955","Cremation Records. 1926-1949, 1926-1949"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Item 11","/repositories/4/archival_objects/3805"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":252,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished records are protected by copyright. Permission to publish quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946],"containers_ssim":["box 7"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#3","_nest_parent_":"e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3_aspace_1406","_root_":"e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3","_version_":1870857691873673216,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:02:10.387Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3","title_ssm":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records"],"title_tesim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records"],"ead_ssi":"e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3","unitdate_ssm":["1891-1955"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891-1955"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.041","/repositories/4/resources/17"],"text":["SC.041","/repositories/4/resources/17","Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955","Brevard County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Osceola County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Seminole County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orange County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orlando-(Fla.)--Genealogy","Florida -- Genealogy -- Archival Resources","Orlando (Fla.) -- History","Hillsborough County (Fla.) -- Genealogy","Funeral homes","Undertakers and undertaking","Registers of birth, etc. -- Florida -- Orange County","Cemeteries","The entire collection is open for research.","The Carey Hand mortuary business began when Elijah Hand moved to Orlando, Florida from Indiana in 1885. Hand was the young city's first embalmer. Hand formed a partnership with E. A. Richards, the city's first undertaker. Richards \u0026 Hand combined Richards's furniture business and Hand's embalming. When Richards left the partnership in 1890, the business was renamed Elijah Hand's furniture, undertaking and livery stable. The business was located on Pine Street in downtown Orlando.","\nIn 1907 Hand's son Carey, a trained embalmer, moved to Orlando and joined his father's business, buying out his father in 1914. He continued to run the business until his death in 1946. His wife sold the business the following year, and subsequent owners have kept the Carey Hand name. In 1969 the Carey Hand and Cox-Parker Funeral Homes merged. The company is still in operation. During the first half of the twentieth century, the Carey Hand funeral home was the largest in Central Florida, serving a five-county area, including Orange, Seminole, Osceola, Polk and Hillsborough. The modernized funeral home built by the company in 1918 now houses the University of Central Florida's Downtown Campus located at 39 West Pine Street. It was the first funeral home in Florida to have a chapel, and housed the first crematorium built south of Cincinnati and Washington, D.C.","Collection processed by Nadine Helm; finding aid created by Nadine Helm. Courtney Toelle edited finding aid in January 2019. Minimal preservation work was necessary; records are bound in books, and were properly housed in archival boxes or storage.","The Carey Hand Funeral Home Records include a variety of records created during the course of work at the Funeral Home, including Undertakers' Memoranda, documentation of the deceased that moved through the undertaker, Funeral Registers that included payment information and next of kin, Cremation Records, records for the Palm and Greenwood Cemeteries, as well as other materials relating to the operations of the Orlando mortuary business. The collection is particularly useful in Central Florida genealogy as one of the main funeral homes in the area.","\nSeries 1: Undertakers' Memoranda. 182 Volumes. June 1891-December 1946. Records are not indexed and arranged in imperfect, but general chronological order as recorded by the undertaker. Information relating to the death and burial of the deceased individual is recorded.","\nSeries 2: Greenwood and Palm Cemetery Records: Circa 1900-1944. 2 Volumes. These volumes contain the records of plots sold in the Greenwood and Palm Cemeteries. Records are indexed and arranged by plot. One volume includes a Greenwood Cemetery plat book.","\nSeries 3: Funeral Registers. 34 Volumes. January 1919-December 1952. Each volume is indexed and in chronological order. Records detail death, burial and payment information for services provided through the Carey Hand Funeral Home.","\nSeries 4: Bills. 4 Volumes. 1920-1932. Financial Records detailing payments received on various accounts. Volumes titled Local Bills, Out-of-Town Bills, and Bills.","\nSeries 5: Cremation Records. 4 Volumes. 1926-1949. These volumes contain the records of the cremation service operated by Carey Hand. The first crematorium to be located south of Cincinnati, Ohio and Washington, DC, it began operating in 1925. The records are in chronological order, with the first volume serving as an index. In addition, there is a folder with records of cremations stored in the vaults and those whose ashes were scattered.","\nSeries 6: Ambulance Records. 10 Volumes. January 1934-May 1955. These volumes contain the records of the ambulance service operated by Carey Hand. In addition to paid services, free ambulance service was offered to new mothers and babies from the hospital to their homes. One volume titled Veteran's Ambulance, 1948.","\nSeries 7: Storage Vault Records. 1 Volume. October 1935-October 1947. Records document individuals stored in Carey Hand storage vaults, listing the amount of time stored and payments on accounts.","\nSeries 8: Veteran's and Orlando Air Base Records. 1 Volume. January 1938-March 1952. Records are not indexed but are arranged in chronological order. These records contain death, burial and military service information for Central Florida Veteran's and Orlando Air Base Serviceman.","\nSeries 9: Miscellanea. 6 Folders. 1927-1947, 2003, Undated. Materials relating to the Carey Hand Funeral Home including brochures, disposition of ashes, newsclippings, miscellaneous ephemera, mule pendant, and samples of original wall coverings.","Unpublished records are protected by copyright. Permission to publish quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.","Contains records and ledgers on services provided at the Carey Hand Funeral Home. Materials include memoranda regarding the death and burial of deceased individuals, registers of the death, burial and payment information, plots in the Greenwood and Palm cemeteries, financial records, cremation records, ambulance service records, vault storage records, and Central Florida Veterans and Orlando Airbase Servicemen's death, burial, and military information. The records are particularly useful in historical and genealogical research on the Orlando and Central Florida area from 1891 to 1955.","UCF Special Collections","Carey Hand Funeral Home","Greenwood Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)","Palm Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.041","/repositories/4/resources/17"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891-1955"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955"],"collection_title_tesim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955"],"collection_ssim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, 1891-1955"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Brevard County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Osceola County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Seminole County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orange County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orlando-(Fla.)--Genealogy","Florida -- Genealogy -- Archival Resources","Orlando (Fla.) -- History","Hillsborough County (Fla.) -- Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Brevard County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Osceola County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Seminole County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orange County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orlando-(Fla.)--Genealogy","Florida -- Genealogy -- Archival Resources","Orlando (Fla.) -- History","Hillsborough County (Fla.) -- Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Carey Hand Funeral Home"],"creator_ssim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home"],"creators_ssim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home"],"places_ssim":["Brevard County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Osceola County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Seminole County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orange County (Fla.)--Genealogy","Orlando-(Fla.)--Genealogy","Florida -- Genealogy -- Archival Resources","Orlando (Fla.) -- History","Hillsborough County (Fla.) -- Genealogy"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished records are protected by copyright. Permission to publish quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records have been held in the UCF Library Special Collections since 1978. The records were donated to Department by the Carey Hand Cox-Parker Funeral Home in 2003 (CFM2003_01)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Funeral homes","Undertakers and undertaking","Registers of birth, etc. -- Florida -- Orange County","Cemeteries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Funeral homes","Undertakers and undertaking","Registers of birth, etc. -- Florida -- Orange County","Cemeteries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["22 Linear Feet 9 Boxes, 1 Flat File, and 34 Funeral Registers"],"extent_tesim":["22 Linear Feet 9 Boxes, 1 Flat File, and 34 Funeral Registers"],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Carey Hand mortuary business began when Elijah Hand moved to Orlando, Florida from Indiana in 1885. Hand was the young city's first embalmer. Hand formed a partnership with E. A. Richards, the city's first undertaker. Richards \u0026amp; Hand combined Richards's furniture business and Hand's embalming. When Richards left the partnership in 1890, the business was renamed Elijah Hand's furniture, undertaking and livery stable. The business was located on Pine Street in downtown Orlando.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1907 Hand's son Carey, a trained embalmer, moved to Orlando and joined his father's business, buying out his father in 1914. He continued to run the business until his death in 1946. His wife sold the business the following year, and subsequent owners have kept the Carey Hand name. In 1969 the Carey Hand and Cox-Parker Funeral Homes merged. The company is still in operation. During the first half of the twentieth century, the Carey Hand funeral home was the largest in Central Florida, serving a five-county area, including Orange, Seminole, Osceola, Polk and Hillsborough. The modernized funeral home built by the company in 1918 now houses the University of Central Florida's Downtown Campus located at 39 West Pine Street. It was the first funeral home in Florida to have a chapel, and housed the first crematorium built south of Cincinnati and Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Carey Hand mortuary business began when Elijah Hand moved to Orlando, Florida from Indiana in 1885. Hand was the young city's first embalmer. Hand formed a partnership with E. A. Richards, the city's first undertaker. Richards \u0026 Hand combined Richards's furniture business and Hand's embalming. When Richards left the partnership in 1890, the business was renamed Elijah Hand's furniture, undertaking and livery stable. The business was located on Pine Street in downtown Orlando.","\nIn 1907 Hand's son Carey, a trained embalmer, moved to Orlando and joined his father's business, buying out his father in 1914. He continued to run the business until his death in 1946. His wife sold the business the following year, and subsequent owners have kept the Carey Hand name. In 1969 the Carey Hand and Cox-Parker Funeral Homes merged. The company is still in operation. During the first half of the twentieth century, the Carey Hand funeral home was the largest in Central Florida, serving a five-county area, including Orange, Seminole, Osceola, Polk and Hillsborough. The modernized funeral home built by the company in 1918 now houses the University of Central Florida's Downtown Campus located at 39 West Pine Street. It was the first funeral home in Florida to have a chapel, and housed the first crematorium built south of Cincinnati and Washington, D.C."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCarey Hand Funeral Home Records, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Carey Hand Funeral Home Records, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection processed by Nadine Helm; finding aid created by Nadine Helm. Courtney Toelle edited finding aid in January 2019. Minimal preservation work was necessary; records are bound in books, and were properly housed in archival boxes or storage.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Collection processed by Nadine Helm; finding aid created by Nadine Helm. Courtney Toelle edited finding aid in January 2019. Minimal preservation work was necessary; records are bound in books, and were properly housed in archival boxes or storage."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Carey Hand Funeral Home Records include a variety of records created during the course of work at the Funeral Home, including Undertakers' Memoranda, documentation of the deceased that moved through the undertaker, Funeral Registers that included payment information and next of kin, Cremation Records, records for the Palm and Greenwood Cemeteries, as well as other materials relating to the operations of the Orlando mortuary business. The collection is particularly useful in Central Florida genealogy as one of the main funeral homes in the area.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 1: Undertakers' Memoranda. 182 Volumes. June 1891-December 1946. Records are not indexed and arranged in imperfect, but general chronological order as recorded by the undertaker. Information relating to the death and burial of the deceased individual is recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 2: Greenwood and Palm Cemetery Records: Circa 1900-1944. 2 Volumes. These volumes contain the records of plots sold in the Greenwood and Palm Cemeteries. Records are indexed and arranged by plot. One volume includes a Greenwood Cemetery plat book.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 3: Funeral Registers. 34 Volumes. January 1919-December 1952. Each volume is indexed and in chronological order. Records detail death, burial and payment information for services provided through the Carey Hand Funeral Home.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 4: Bills. 4 Volumes. 1920-1932. Financial Records detailing payments received on various accounts. Volumes titled Local Bills, Out-of-Town Bills, and Bills.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 5: Cremation Records. 4 Volumes. 1926-1949. These volumes contain the records of the cremation service operated by Carey Hand. The first crematorium to be located south of Cincinnati, Ohio and Washington, DC, it began operating in 1925. The records are in chronological order, with the first volume serving as an index. In addition, there is a folder with records of cremations stored in the vaults and those whose ashes were scattered.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 6: Ambulance Records. 10 Volumes. January 1934-May 1955. These volumes contain the records of the ambulance service operated by Carey Hand. In addition to paid services, free ambulance service was offered to new mothers and babies from the hospital to their homes. One volume titled Veteran's Ambulance, 1948.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 7: Storage Vault Records. 1 Volume. October 1935-October 1947. Records document individuals stored in Carey Hand storage vaults, listing the amount of time stored and payments on accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 8: Veteran's and Orlando Air Base Records. 1 Volume. January 1938-March 1952. Records are not indexed but are arranged in chronological order. These records contain death, burial and military service information for Central Florida Veteran's and Orlando Air Base Serviceman.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries 9: Miscellanea. 6 Folders. 1927-1947, 2003, Undated. Materials relating to the Carey Hand Funeral Home including brochures, disposition of ashes, newsclippings, miscellaneous ephemera, mule pendant, and samples of original wall coverings.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Carey Hand Funeral Home Records include a variety of records created during the course of work at the Funeral Home, including Undertakers' Memoranda, documentation of the deceased that moved through the undertaker, Funeral Registers that included payment information and next of kin, Cremation Records, records for the Palm and Greenwood Cemeteries, as well as other materials relating to the operations of the Orlando mortuary business. The collection is particularly useful in Central Florida genealogy as one of the main funeral homes in the area.","\nSeries 1: Undertakers' Memoranda. 182 Volumes. June 1891-December 1946. Records are not indexed and arranged in imperfect, but general chronological order as recorded by the undertaker. Information relating to the death and burial of the deceased individual is recorded.","\nSeries 2: Greenwood and Palm Cemetery Records: Circa 1900-1944. 2 Volumes. These volumes contain the records of plots sold in the Greenwood and Palm Cemeteries. Records are indexed and arranged by plot. One volume includes a Greenwood Cemetery plat book.","\nSeries 3: Funeral Registers. 34 Volumes. January 1919-December 1952. Each volume is indexed and in chronological order. Records detail death, burial and payment information for services provided through the Carey Hand Funeral Home.","\nSeries 4: Bills. 4 Volumes. 1920-1932. Financial Records detailing payments received on various accounts. Volumes titled Local Bills, Out-of-Town Bills, and Bills.","\nSeries 5: Cremation Records. 4 Volumes. 1926-1949. These volumes contain the records of the cremation service operated by Carey Hand. The first crematorium to be located south of Cincinnati, Ohio and Washington, DC, it began operating in 1925. The records are in chronological order, with the first volume serving as an index. In addition, there is a folder with records of cremations stored in the vaults and those whose ashes were scattered.","\nSeries 6: Ambulance Records. 10 Volumes. January 1934-May 1955. These volumes contain the records of the ambulance service operated by Carey Hand. In addition to paid services, free ambulance service was offered to new mothers and babies from the hospital to their homes. One volume titled Veteran's Ambulance, 1948.","\nSeries 7: Storage Vault Records. 1 Volume. October 1935-October 1947. Records document individuals stored in Carey Hand storage vaults, listing the amount of time stored and payments on accounts.","\nSeries 8: Veteran's and Orlando Air Base Records. 1 Volume. January 1938-March 1952. Records are not indexed but are arranged in chronological order. These records contain death, burial and military service information for Central Florida Veteran's and Orlando Air Base Serviceman.","\nSeries 9: Miscellanea. 6 Folders. 1927-1947, 2003, Undated. Materials relating to the Carey Hand Funeral Home including brochures, disposition of ashes, newsclippings, miscellaneous ephemera, mule pendant, and samples of original wall coverings."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished records are protected by copyright. Permission to publish quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished records are protected by copyright. Permission to publish quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fa577db5d45e49aa27c31d9ca4a94ebc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eContains records and ledgers on services provided at the Carey Hand Funeral Home. Materials include memoranda regarding the death and burial of deceased individuals, registers of the death, burial and payment information, plots in the Greenwood and Palm cemeteries, financial records, cremation records, ambulance service records, vault storage records, and Central Florida Veterans and Orlando Airbase Servicemen's death, burial, and military information. The records are particularly useful in historical and genealogical research on the Orlando and Central Florida area from 1891 to 1955.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Contains records and ledgers on services provided at the Carey Hand Funeral Home. Materials include memoranda regarding the death and burial of deceased individuals, registers of the death, burial and payment information, plots in the Greenwood and Palm cemeteries, financial records, cremation records, ambulance service records, vault storage records, and Central Florida Veterans and Orlando Airbase Servicemen's death, burial, and military information. The records are particularly useful in historical and genealogical research on the Orlando and Central Florida area from 1891 to 1955."],"names_coll_ssim":["Greenwood Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)","Palm Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Carey Hand Funeral Home","Greenwood Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)","Palm Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Carey Hand Funeral Home","Greenwood Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)","Palm Cemetery (Orlando, Fla.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":274,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857691873673216,"_root_":"e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:02:10.387Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/e35b9770c12b98b283c97ed3_aspace_1414"}},{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cronología de Cuba y Miami, 1868-1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","ref_ssm":["aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9"],"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","title_filing_ssi":"Cronología de Cuba y Miami","title_ssm":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami"],"title_tesim":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1868-1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1868-1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami, 1868-1959"],"text":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami, 1868-1959","Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","Series I: Published Materials","Box 3","9","/repositories/2/archival_objects/79289","Spanish; Castilian","Box 3","folder 9"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_427d17a15995ff9e2faef70d6aa60f6e","9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_31eef7e6e892426324c296b6895ec24f"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","Series I: Published Materials","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","Series I: Published Materials","Box 3"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Box 3"],"unitid_ssm":["9","/repositories/2/archival_objects/79289"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":94,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"date_range_isim":[1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"language_ssim":["Spanish; Castilian"],"containers_ssim":["Box 3","folder 9"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2/components#8","_nest_parent_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_31eef7e6e892426324c296b6895ec24f","_root_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","_version_":1870844454512885760,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:31:46.251Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","title_ssm":["Cuban Archives"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Archives"],"ead_ssi":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","unitdate_ssm":["1786-1989","1960-1975"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1786-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"text":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114","Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials","La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.","Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"unitid_tesim":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into three Series: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLa colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye peri\u0026#xF3;dicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Am\u0026#xE9;ricas. La mayor parte de la colecci\u0026#xF3;n se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en M\u0026#xE9;xico y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de l\u0026#xED;deres de la DRE como \u0026#xC1;ngel Fern\u0026#xE1;ndez Gonz\u0026#xE1;lez. La mayor parte de los ducumentos inclu\u0026#xED;dos en la colleccion estan en espa\u0026#xF1;ol.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections \u0026amp; University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"total_component_count_is":369,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870844454512885760,"_root_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:31:46.251Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9"}},{"id":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Crosses of Military Service, Circa 1923-1968","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_70761","ref_ssm":["aspace_70761","aspace_70761"],"id":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761","title_filing_ssi":"Crosses of Military Service","title_ssm":["Crosses of Military Service"],"title_tesim":["Crosses of Military Service"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Circa 1923-1968"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Circa 1923-1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Crosses of Military Service, Circa 1923-1968"],"text":["Crosses of Military Service, Circa 1923-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968","Sub-Series 3","/repositories/4/archival_objects/3682"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70757"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Sub-Series 3","/repositories/4/archival_objects/3682"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":5,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":4,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2","_nest_parent_":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70757","_root_":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","timestamp":"2026-07-08T02:56:07.473Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","title_ssm":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection"],"title_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection"],"ead_ssi":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","unitdate_ssm":["1899-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1899-1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.015","/repositories/4/resources/14"],"text":["SC.015","/repositories/4/resources/14","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Korean War, 1950-1953","Veterans--Confederate States of America","World War, 1914-1918 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","World War, 1939-1945 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Medals","The entire collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged in the same way it was originally displayed in the shadow box.","Mrs. Mary Ann Lamar Erwin, the wife of Confederate Captain Alexander S. Erwin, was inspired by the July 20-23, 1898 Confederate Reunion at Atlanta, Georgia to honor Confederate veterans for their service. Mrs. Erwin and Mrs. Sarah E. Gabbett are credited with designing the Southern Cross of Honor. Charles W. Crankshaw of Atlanta, Georgia was chosen as the manufacturer. Crankshaw was a reputable jeweler in the Atlanta region, but he subcontracted Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin to meet the order of 12,500 medals. The crosses that bore Crankshaw's name were actually struck by Schwaab. The medal was presented at the Sixth United Daughters of the Confederacy Convention in 1899. The first cross was bestowed to Captain Alexander S. Erwin on April 26, 1900. Later, the United Daughters of the Confederacy fired the Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company for striking the 1902-1903 convention badges that appropriated much of the Cross of Honor design without authorization. In 1904, the Daughters hired The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey to produce the medal. In all, 78,761 were produced from 1900 to 1959. The medal in the collection is one from the Crankshaw-Schwaab era (1900-1903), but it may be among the first medals because it has a pinback. It was a feature among the first medals struck.","The badge that commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual Reunion of United Confederate Veterans was presented to those who attended the event that took place between May 6-8, 1914 at Jacksonville, Florida. It was produced by the The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey.","\nIn 1918, World War I began and the United Daughters of the Confederacy entered into War Relief work. It was asked of each chapter keep records of all those of Confederate lineage who had enlisted in WWI as in hopes of one day honoring their service. During the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting that was held between April 1-5, 1919 in Louisville, Kentucky, Mary B. Poppenheim, the President-General of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, suggested a committee be created. Its purpose would be to explore the \"practicability\" of awarding veterans of the American Expeditionary Forces that were descendants of Confederates \"a suitable medal\" that was comparable to the Southern Cross of Honor. The suggestion was given to her by Major Wallace Streater, an officer in the A.E.F. of Confederate descent. The Convention adopted the resolution and the motion was carried.","\nThe Committee on Insignia for Confederate Descendants of the World War was created at the Twenty Fifth Convention and Mrs. W.B. Scarborough became the head of the committee. They would make their first report at a convention at Tampa, Florida on November 15, 1919. At the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting that was held from November 8-12, 1921 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Committee was tasked to find an artist for the medal. At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting that was held from November 14-18, 1922 at Birmingham, Alabama, the Committee reported that they had taken the recommendation from the Numismatic Society of New York to select Chester Beach to design the medal and the Convention approved the motion. The Committee was authorized to order of 5,000 medals. The Medallic Art Company in New York was chosen to produce the orders.","\nThursday afternoon, November 22, 1923, a cross marked by a circle as its number, was placed on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington, and that same evening the first two were presented to Major General Robert Lee Bullard and to Major Wallace Streater.","\nDuring Thirty-Third Annual Convention that took place in Richmond, Virginia from November 16-20, 1926, Ms. Mary Lou Gordon White of Tennessee suggested veterans of the Spanish-American War have an award similar to the Cross of Military Service with similar guidelines. At the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina from November 15 to 19, 1927, the idea was formally approved by the Executive Committee. At the Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention held from November 20-24, 1928 at Houston, Texas, a committee was approved to prepare the rules of bestowal and recommend a design of the medal.","\nMrs. Julia N. Streater, wife of Major Wallace Streater, was the chairman of the committee and submitted a report at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention that was held from November 19-23, 1929 at Biloxi, Mississippi. Mrs. Streater's report stated they had consulted Major A. H. Dondero of the U.S. Army Officers Reserve Corps on the design of the medal and estimated that there were 5,000 to 6,000 eligible veterans. The Committee report also suggested that veterans of the \"Cuban Pacification\" and the \"Philippine Insurrection\" be accommodated for their service. After a small debate on whether to include the \"Cuban Pacification\" and \"Philippine Insurrection\" for the same decoration or not, the report and its recommendation were adopted, seconded, and carried by the Convention.","\nAt the Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention that was held from November 18-22, 1930 at Asheville, North Carolina, The Committee submitted a report that advised separate medals be created for the Philippine Insurrection and/or the Cuban Pacification veterans after consultations with experts. The Convention adopted these recommendations and 200 Philippine Insurrection Crosses of Military Service were ordered. The Medallic Art Company produced the crosses. The very first recipient was Major J. Russell Ingram of Florida at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention at Jacksonville, Florida in November 17-21, 1931.","\nAt the Forty-Ninth Annual Convention held at St. Louis, Missouri from November 4-6, 1942, President-General Eloise W. Wright recommended a committee be created for the purpose creating a medal for veterans of the Second World War who were descendants of Confederates. Mrs. McFarland of Texas moved the recommendation for adoption, seconded by Mrs. Merchant, and the recommendation was carried.\n    \n    \nDuring the Fiftieth Annual Convention that took place from November 18-21, 1943 at Columbus, Ohio, the Chairman of the Committee for Securing a Military Cross for World War No. 2, Mrs. Katherine Robinson Everett, reported she had contacted Chester A. Beach regarding the design of the medal and Clyde C. Trees, the president of Medallic Art Company, regarding the production of the medal. Mrs. Merchant motioned for the recommendation of Mr. Beach's design, the Medallic Art Company produce the medal, and obtaining permission by the U.S. Government to produce the medal as the allocation of metals were for the war effort. After an argument between members at the convention regarding the medal, Mrs. Woodbury moved the decision be made at a future date and Mrs. Merchant withdrew her recommendation. Mrs. Schuyler seconded Mrs. Woodbury's motion and it was carried.","\nDuring the Fifty-First Annual Convention that took place from November 21-24, 1944 at Nashville, Tennessee, President-General Mary Hadley Woodard reported the past difficulties to unable to produce Crosses of Military Service due to restrictions on the use of metals by the Federal government because of the allocation of metals to be used for the war effort. Mrs. Woodard was confident with the war's end \"imminent,\" restrictions would be lifted. Mrs. Everett, Chairman of the Committee on Cross of Military Service - World War No. 2, reported six design choices for the cross and the recommendation of Chester A. Beach as well as sculptor Roger Noble Burnham to use the Medallic Art Company to produce the cross. It was decided that the Committee and the Executive Board choose the design.","\nDuring the Fifty-Second Annual Convention that took place from November 21-23, 1945 at Houston, Texas, President-General Woodard reported with regulations lifted on metals on July 1, 1945, negotiations with the Medallic Art Company began with order of 5,000 medals. However, the company reported back with there would be delay due to the need for materials to produce the medals. A sketch of the final design of the cross was available for viewing at the convention. During the Fifty-Third Annual Convention that took place from November 18-23, 1946 at Jackson, Mississippi, Mrs. Cecil Brawley Long, Custodian of Crosses of Honor and Service, reported distribution of the crosses had begun and Lieutenant Commander Spencer Downs Wright was the first recipient.","\nDuring the Fifty-Eighth Annual Convention that took place November 7-9, 1951, in Asheville, North Carolina, Recorder-General of Crosses of Honor and Service Liza Ellen Carpenter recommended the Medallic Art Company be authorized to set aside bronze for 3,000 Korean War Crosses of Military Service. At the Fifty-Ninth Annual Convention that took place November 9-13, 1952 in Biloxi, Mississippi, this recommendation was changed from 3,000 to 1,000 and be ordered in lots of 250 twice a year. This extended the final payment to two years from the first shipment. The recommendation was seconded and adopted. At the Sixtieth Annual Convention that took place November 8-12, 1953 in Washington, D.C., the first cross was given to Captain James Cornelius Ruddell, Jr., and was awarded posthumously.","\nThe Vietnam Cross was presented for the first time in 1968 at the Annual Convention in Richmond, Virginia. The first three crosses were presented to General William C. Westmoreland, Lieutenant Colonel John L. Heiss, III, and to Major James Ewell Brown Stuart, IV.","The set of medals were donated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 by President Mrs. Gwen Hadden, and Mrs. Robert E. Drake, the Recorder of Crosses, to the University of Central Florida Associate Dean of Library Development, Dr. W. Rex Brown, and the University of Central Florida Director of Libraries, Anne Marie Allison, during a presentation ceremony that took place May 24, 1988 at the University of Central Florida Library Special Collections Room.","The medals were placed in a shadow box that included incscriptions of the medals. In 2017, Book Conservator Christopher Saclolo removed the medals from the shadow box and the medals were transferred to a more archival appropriate box. The finding aid was created by Steven Trelstad in 2017.","African American Legacy: The Carol Mundy Collection, 1794-2010","William D. Chapman Collection, 1865, 1975","John O. Moench Collection, Circa 1861-1865","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968, consists of a set of bronze medals donated by the Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that include the Southern Cross of Honor, five Crosses of Military Service from World War I to the Vietnam War, and a badge from the Twenty-Fourth Annual Convention of the United Confederate Veterans.","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.","The collection contains six bronze medals and one badge from the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The medals were created to honor either Confederate veterans for their service in the Confederate Armed Forces or their descendants who served in the United States military during the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1955-1975). The badge commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual United Confederate Veterans Reunion in 1914 and was given those in attendance.","UCF Special Collections","United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.015","/repositories/4/resources/14"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1899-1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"collection_title_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"collection_ssim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy donated these materials to the University of Central Florida Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives in 1988 (CFM1988_01)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Korean War, 1950-1953","Veterans--Confederate States of America","World War, 1914-1918 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","World War, 1939-1945 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Medals"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Korean War, 1950-1953","Veterans--Confederate States of America","World War, 1914-1918 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","World War, 1939-1945 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Medals"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.25 Linear Feet 1 Box"],"extent_tesim":["1.25 Linear Feet 1 Box"],"date_range_isim":[1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in the same way it was originally displayed in the shadow box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in the same way it was originally displayed in the shadow box."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMrs. Mary Ann Lamar Erwin, the wife of Confederate Captain Alexander S. Erwin, was inspired by the July 20-23, 1898 Confederate Reunion at Atlanta, Georgia to honor Confederate veterans for their service. Mrs. Erwin and Mrs. Sarah E. Gabbett are credited with designing the Southern Cross of Honor. Charles W. Crankshaw of Atlanta, Georgia was chosen as the manufacturer. Crankshaw was a reputable jeweler in the Atlanta region, but he subcontracted Schwaab Stamp \u0026amp; Seal Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin to meet the order of 12,500 medals. The crosses that bore Crankshaw's name were actually struck by Schwaab. The medal was presented at the Sixth United Daughters of the Confederacy Convention in 1899. The first cross was bestowed to Captain Alexander S. Erwin on April 26, 1900. Later, the United Daughters of the Confederacy fired the Schwaab Stamp \u0026amp; Seal Company for striking the 1902-1903 convention badges that appropriated much of the Cross of Honor design without authorization. In 1904, the Daughters hired The Whitehead \u0026amp; Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey to produce the medal. In all, 78,761 were produced from 1900 to 1959. The medal in the collection is one from the Crankshaw-Schwaab era (1900-1903), but it may be among the first medals because it has a pinback. It was a feature among the first medals struck.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe badge that commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual Reunion of United Confederate Veterans was presented to those who attended the event that took place between May 6-8, 1914 at Jacksonville, Florida. It was produced by the The Whitehead \u0026amp; Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1918, World War I began and the United Daughters of the Confederacy entered into War Relief work. It was asked of each chapter keep records of all those of Confederate lineage who had enlisted in WWI as in hopes of one day honoring their service. During the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting that was held between April 1-5, 1919 in Louisville, Kentucky, Mary B. Poppenheim, the President-General of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, suggested a committee be created. Its purpose would be to explore the \"practicability\" of awarding veterans of the American Expeditionary Forces that were descendants of Confederates \"a suitable medal\" that was comparable to the Southern Cross of Honor. The suggestion was given to her by Major Wallace Streater, an officer in the A.E.F. of Confederate descent. The Convention adopted the resolution and the motion was carried.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Committee on Insignia for Confederate Descendants of the World War was created at the Twenty Fifth Convention and Mrs. W.B. Scarborough became the head of the committee. They would make their first report at a convention at Tampa, Florida on November 15, 1919. At the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting that was held from November 8-12, 1921 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Committee was tasked to find an artist for the medal. At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting that was held from November 14-18, 1922 at Birmingham, Alabama, the Committee reported that they had taken the recommendation from the Numismatic Society of New York to select Chester Beach to design the medal and the Convention approved the motion. The Committee was authorized to order of 5,000 medals. The Medallic Art Company in New York was chosen to produce the orders.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThursday afternoon, November 22, 1923, a cross marked by a circle as its number, was placed on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington, and that same evening the first two were presented to Major General Robert Lee Bullard and to Major Wallace Streater.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring Thirty-Third Annual Convention that took place in Richmond, Virginia from November 16-20, 1926, Ms. Mary Lou Gordon White of Tennessee suggested veterans of the Spanish-American War have an award similar to the Cross of Military Service with similar guidelines. At the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina from November 15 to 19, 1927, the idea was formally approved by the Executive Committee. At the Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention held from November 20-24, 1928 at Houston, Texas, a committee was approved to prepare the rules of bestowal and recommend a design of the medal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nMrs. Julia N. Streater, wife of Major Wallace Streater, was the chairman of the committee and submitted a report at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention that was held from November 19-23, 1929 at Biloxi, Mississippi. Mrs. Streater's report stated they had consulted Major A. H. Dondero of the U.S. Army Officers Reserve Corps on the design of the medal and estimated that there were 5,000 to 6,000 eligible veterans. The Committee report also suggested that veterans of the \"Cuban Pacification\" and the \"Philippine Insurrection\" be accommodated for their service. After a small debate on whether to include the \"Cuban Pacification\" and \"Philippine Insurrection\" for the same decoration or not, the report and its recommendation were adopted, seconded, and carried by the Convention.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAt the Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention that was held from November 18-22, 1930 at Asheville, North Carolina, The Committee submitted a report that advised separate medals be created for the Philippine Insurrection and/or the Cuban Pacification veterans after consultations with experts. The Convention adopted these recommendations and 200 Philippine Insurrection Crosses of Military Service were ordered. The Medallic Art Company produced the crosses. The very first recipient was Major J. Russell Ingram of Florida at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention at Jacksonville, Florida in November 17-21, 1931.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAt the Forty-Ninth Annual Convention held at St. Louis, Missouri from November 4-6, 1942, President-General Eloise W. Wright recommended a committee be created for the purpose creating a medal for veterans of the Second World War who were descendants of Confederates. Mrs. McFarland of Texas moved the recommendation for adoption, seconded by Mrs. Merchant, and the recommendation was carried.\n    \n    \nDuring the Fiftieth Annual Convention that took place from November 18-21, 1943 at Columbus, Ohio, the Chairman of the Committee for Securing a Military Cross for World War No. 2, Mrs. Katherine Robinson Everett, reported she had contacted Chester A. Beach regarding the design of the medal and Clyde C. Trees, the president of Medallic Art Company, regarding the production of the medal. Mrs. Merchant motioned for the recommendation of Mr. Beach's design, the Medallic Art Company produce the medal, and obtaining permission by the U.S. Government to produce the medal as the allocation of metals were for the war effort. After an argument between members at the convention regarding the medal, Mrs. Woodbury moved the decision be made at a future date and Mrs. Merchant withdrew her recommendation. Mrs. Schuyler seconded Mrs. Woodbury's motion and it was carried.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring the Fifty-First Annual Convention that took place from November 21-24, 1944 at Nashville, Tennessee, President-General Mary Hadley Woodard reported the past difficulties to unable to produce Crosses of Military Service due to restrictions on the use of metals by the Federal government because of the allocation of metals to be used for the war effort. Mrs. Woodard was confident with the war's end \"imminent,\" restrictions would be lifted. Mrs. Everett, Chairman of the Committee on Cross of Military Service - World War No. 2, reported six design choices for the cross and the recommendation of Chester A. Beach as well as sculptor Roger Noble Burnham to use the Medallic Art Company to produce the cross. It was decided that the Committee and the Executive Board choose the design.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring the Fifty-Second Annual Convention that took place from November 21-23, 1945 at Houston, Texas, President-General Woodard reported with regulations lifted on metals on July 1, 1945, negotiations with the Medallic Art Company began with order of 5,000 medals. However, the company reported back with there would be delay due to the need for materials to produce the medals. A sketch of the final design of the cross was available for viewing at the convention. During the Fifty-Third Annual Convention that took place from November 18-23, 1946 at Jackson, Mississippi, Mrs. Cecil Brawley Long, Custodian of Crosses of Honor and Service, reported distribution of the crosses had begun and Lieutenant Commander Spencer Downs Wright was the first recipient.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring the Fifty-Eighth Annual Convention that took place November 7-9, 1951, in Asheville, North Carolina, Recorder-General of Crosses of Honor and Service Liza Ellen Carpenter recommended the Medallic Art Company be authorized to set aside bronze for 3,000 Korean War Crosses of Military Service. At the Fifty-Ninth Annual Convention that took place November 9-13, 1952 in Biloxi, Mississippi, this recommendation was changed from 3,000 to 1,000 and be ordered in lots of 250 twice a year. This extended the final payment to two years from the first shipment. The recommendation was seconded and adopted. At the Sixtieth Annual Convention that took place November 8-12, 1953 in Washington, D.C., the first cross was given to Captain James Cornelius Ruddell, Jr., and was awarded posthumously.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Vietnam Cross was presented for the first time in 1968 at the Annual Convention in Richmond, Virginia. The first three crosses were presented to General William C. Westmoreland, Lieutenant Colonel John L. Heiss, III, and to Major James Ewell Brown Stuart, IV.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mrs. Mary Ann Lamar Erwin, the wife of Confederate Captain Alexander S. Erwin, was inspired by the July 20-23, 1898 Confederate Reunion at Atlanta, Georgia to honor Confederate veterans for their service. Mrs. Erwin and Mrs. Sarah E. Gabbett are credited with designing the Southern Cross of Honor. Charles W. Crankshaw of Atlanta, Georgia was chosen as the manufacturer. Crankshaw was a reputable jeweler in the Atlanta region, but he subcontracted Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin to meet the order of 12,500 medals. The crosses that bore Crankshaw's name were actually struck by Schwaab. The medal was presented at the Sixth United Daughters of the Confederacy Convention in 1899. The first cross was bestowed to Captain Alexander S. Erwin on April 26, 1900. Later, the United Daughters of the Confederacy fired the Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company for striking the 1902-1903 convention badges that appropriated much of the Cross of Honor design without authorization. In 1904, the Daughters hired The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey to produce the medal. In all, 78,761 were produced from 1900 to 1959. The medal in the collection is one from the Crankshaw-Schwaab era (1900-1903), but it may be among the first medals because it has a pinback. It was a feature among the first medals struck.","The badge that commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual Reunion of United Confederate Veterans was presented to those who attended the event that took place between May 6-8, 1914 at Jacksonville, Florida. It was produced by the The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey.","\nIn 1918, World War I began and the United Daughters of the Confederacy entered into War Relief work. It was asked of each chapter keep records of all those of Confederate lineage who had enlisted in WWI as in hopes of one day honoring their service. During the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting that was held between April 1-5, 1919 in Louisville, Kentucky, Mary B. Poppenheim, the President-General of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, suggested a committee be created. Its purpose would be to explore the \"practicability\" of awarding veterans of the American Expeditionary Forces that were descendants of Confederates \"a suitable medal\" that was comparable to the Southern Cross of Honor. The suggestion was given to her by Major Wallace Streater, an officer in the A.E.F. of Confederate descent. The Convention adopted the resolution and the motion was carried.","\nThe Committee on Insignia for Confederate Descendants of the World War was created at the Twenty Fifth Convention and Mrs. W.B. Scarborough became the head of the committee. They would make their first report at a convention at Tampa, Florida on November 15, 1919. At the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting that was held from November 8-12, 1921 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Committee was tasked to find an artist for the medal. At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting that was held from November 14-18, 1922 at Birmingham, Alabama, the Committee reported that they had taken the recommendation from the Numismatic Society of New York to select Chester Beach to design the medal and the Convention approved the motion. The Committee was authorized to order of 5,000 medals. The Medallic Art Company in New York was chosen to produce the orders.","\nThursday afternoon, November 22, 1923, a cross marked by a circle as its number, was placed on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington, and that same evening the first two were presented to Major General Robert Lee Bullard and to Major Wallace Streater.","\nDuring Thirty-Third Annual Convention that took place in Richmond, Virginia from November 16-20, 1926, Ms. Mary Lou Gordon White of Tennessee suggested veterans of the Spanish-American War have an award similar to the Cross of Military Service with similar guidelines. At the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina from November 15 to 19, 1927, the idea was formally approved by the Executive Committee. At the Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention held from November 20-24, 1928 at Houston, Texas, a committee was approved to prepare the rules of bestowal and recommend a design of the medal.","\nMrs. Julia N. Streater, wife of Major Wallace Streater, was the chairman of the committee and submitted a report at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention that was held from November 19-23, 1929 at Biloxi, Mississippi. Mrs. Streater's report stated they had consulted Major A. H. Dondero of the U.S. Army Officers Reserve Corps on the design of the medal and estimated that there were 5,000 to 6,000 eligible veterans. The Committee report also suggested that veterans of the \"Cuban Pacification\" and the \"Philippine Insurrection\" be accommodated for their service. After a small debate on whether to include the \"Cuban Pacification\" and \"Philippine Insurrection\" for the same decoration or not, the report and its recommendation were adopted, seconded, and carried by the Convention.","\nAt the Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention that was held from November 18-22, 1930 at Asheville, North Carolina, The Committee submitted a report that advised separate medals be created for the Philippine Insurrection and/or the Cuban Pacification veterans after consultations with experts. The Convention adopted these recommendations and 200 Philippine Insurrection Crosses of Military Service were ordered. The Medallic Art Company produced the crosses. The very first recipient was Major J. Russell Ingram of Florida at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention at Jacksonville, Florida in November 17-21, 1931.","\nAt the Forty-Ninth Annual Convention held at St. Louis, Missouri from November 4-6, 1942, President-General Eloise W. Wright recommended a committee be created for the purpose creating a medal for veterans of the Second World War who were descendants of Confederates. Mrs. McFarland of Texas moved the recommendation for adoption, seconded by Mrs. Merchant, and the recommendation was carried.\n    \n    \nDuring the Fiftieth Annual Convention that took place from November 18-21, 1943 at Columbus, Ohio, the Chairman of the Committee for Securing a Military Cross for World War No. 2, Mrs. Katherine Robinson Everett, reported she had contacted Chester A. Beach regarding the design of the medal and Clyde C. Trees, the president of Medallic Art Company, regarding the production of the medal. Mrs. Merchant motioned for the recommendation of Mr. Beach's design, the Medallic Art Company produce the medal, and obtaining permission by the U.S. Government to produce the medal as the allocation of metals were for the war effort. After an argument between members at the convention regarding the medal, Mrs. Woodbury moved the decision be made at a future date and Mrs. Merchant withdrew her recommendation. Mrs. Schuyler seconded Mrs. Woodbury's motion and it was carried.","\nDuring the Fifty-First Annual Convention that took place from November 21-24, 1944 at Nashville, Tennessee, President-General Mary Hadley Woodard reported the past difficulties to unable to produce Crosses of Military Service due to restrictions on the use of metals by the Federal government because of the allocation of metals to be used for the war effort. Mrs. Woodard was confident with the war's end \"imminent,\" restrictions would be lifted. Mrs. Everett, Chairman of the Committee on Cross of Military Service - World War No. 2, reported six design choices for the cross and the recommendation of Chester A. Beach as well as sculptor Roger Noble Burnham to use the Medallic Art Company to produce the cross. It was decided that the Committee and the Executive Board choose the design.","\nDuring the Fifty-Second Annual Convention that took place from November 21-23, 1945 at Houston, Texas, President-General Woodard reported with regulations lifted on metals on July 1, 1945, negotiations with the Medallic Art Company began with order of 5,000 medals. However, the company reported back with there would be delay due to the need for materials to produce the medals. A sketch of the final design of the cross was available for viewing at the convention. During the Fifty-Third Annual Convention that took place from November 18-23, 1946 at Jackson, Mississippi, Mrs. Cecil Brawley Long, Custodian of Crosses of Honor and Service, reported distribution of the crosses had begun and Lieutenant Commander Spencer Downs Wright was the first recipient.","\nDuring the Fifty-Eighth Annual Convention that took place November 7-9, 1951, in Asheville, North Carolina, Recorder-General of Crosses of Honor and Service Liza Ellen Carpenter recommended the Medallic Art Company be authorized to set aside bronze for 3,000 Korean War Crosses of Military Service. At the Fifty-Ninth Annual Convention that took place November 9-13, 1952 in Biloxi, Mississippi, this recommendation was changed from 3,000 to 1,000 and be ordered in lots of 250 twice a year. This extended the final payment to two years from the first shipment. The recommendation was seconded and adopted. At the Sixtieth Annual Convention that took place November 8-12, 1953 in Washington, D.C., the first cross was given to Captain James Cornelius Ruddell, Jr., and was awarded posthumously.","\nThe Vietnam Cross was presented for the first time in 1968 at the Annual Convention in Richmond, Virginia. The first three crosses were presented to General William C. Westmoreland, Lieutenant Colonel John L. Heiss, III, and to Major James Ewell Brown Stuart, IV."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnited Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe set of medals were donated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 by President Mrs. Gwen Hadden, and Mrs. Robert E. Drake, the Recorder of Crosses, to the University of Central Florida Associate Dean of Library Development, Dr. W. Rex Brown, and the University of Central Florida Director of Libraries, Anne Marie Allison, during a presentation ceremony that took place May 24, 1988 at the University of Central Florida Library Special Collections Room.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe medals were placed in a shadow box that included incscriptions of the medals. In 2017, Book Conservator Christopher Saclolo removed the medals from the shadow box and the medals were transferred to a more archival appropriate box. The finding aid was created by Steven Trelstad in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The set of medals were donated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 by President Mrs. Gwen Hadden, and Mrs. Robert E. Drake, the Recorder of Crosses, to the University of Central Florida Associate Dean of Library Development, Dr. W. Rex Brown, and the University of Central Florida Director of Libraries, Anne Marie Allison, during a presentation ceremony that took place May 24, 1988 at the University of Central Florida Library Special Collections Room.","The medals were placed in a shadow box that included incscriptions of the medals. In 2017, Book Conservator Christopher Saclolo removed the medals from the shadow box and the medals were transferred to a more archival appropriate box. The finding aid was created by Steven Trelstad in 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2009-02\"\u003eAfrican American Legacy: The Carol Mundy Collection, 1794-2010\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2005-20\"\u003eWilliam D. Chapman Collection, 1865, 1975\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM1995_02\"\u003eJohn O. Moench Collection, Circa 1861-1865\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["African American Legacy: The Carol Mundy Collection, 1794-2010","William D. Chapman Collection, 1865, 1975","John O. Moench Collection, Circa 1861-1865"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnited Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968, consists of a set of bronze medals donated by the Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that include the Southern Cross of Honor, five Crosses of Military Service from World War I to the Vietnam War, and a badge from the Twenty-Fourth Annual Convention of the United Confederate Veterans.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968, consists of a set of bronze medals donated by the Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that include the Southern Cross of Honor, five Crosses of Military Service from World War I to the Vietnam War, and a badge from the Twenty-Fourth Annual Convention of the United Confederate Veterans."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_26056843807eb84600eff1e8f6b3007f\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains six bronze medals and one badge from the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The medals were created to honor either Confederate veterans for their service in the Confederate Armed Forces or their descendants who served in the United States military during the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1955-1975). The badge commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual United Confederate Veterans Reunion in 1914 and was given those in attendance.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains six bronze medals and one badge from the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The medals were created to honor either Confederate veterans for their service in the Confederate Armed Forces or their descendants who served in the United States military during the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1955-1975). The badge commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual United Confederate Veterans Reunion in 1914 and was given those in attendance."],"names_coll_ssim":["United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","timestamp":"2026-07-08T02:56:07.473Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761"}},{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Cryptanthus, circa 1871-1974","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_52746","ref_ssm":["aspace_52746","aspace_52746"],"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746","title_filing_ssi":"Cryptanthus","title_ssm":["Cryptanthus"],"title_tesim":["Cryptanthus"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1871-1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["circa 1871-1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cryptanthus, circa 1871-1974"],"text":["Cryptanthus, circa 1871-1974","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Subject Files, 1880-2003.","Folder 8-11","/repositories/4/archival_objects/33173"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52621"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Subject Files, 1880-2003."],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Subject Files, 1880-2003."],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 8-11","/repositories/4/archival_objects/33173"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":4,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":1333,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\n  Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\n  Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\n"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#50","_nest_parent_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52621","_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"ead_ssi":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","unitdate_ssm":["1754-2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1754-2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"text":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Marineland (Fla.)","Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)","The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"","The collection is divided into eight series by type of file.","Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.","Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.","A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives .","Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.","Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.","UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1754-2014"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creators_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"places_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Some of these materials were donated to and others were purchased by the University of Central Florida Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives from Michael A. Spencer in 2006 (CFM2006_09), 2011 (CFM2011_02), 2012 (CFM2012_10), and 2014 (CFM2014_01)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"extent_tesim":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"genreform_ssim":["botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"date_range_isim":[1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\""],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by type of file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by type of file."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library \u003cextref href=\"https://library.ucf.edu\"\u003eOnline Catalog\u003c/extref\u003e. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08c\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08b\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08a\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM1999-03\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Papers\u003c/extref\u003e are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://www.leugardens.org/\"\u003eHarry P. Leu Gardens\u003c/extref\u003e. The \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/4\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Collection\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/97\"\u003eTheodore L. Mead Collection\u003c/extref\u003e are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://siarchives.si.edu/\"\u003eSmithsonian Institution Archives\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Statement"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8e33310d6b1a70e4d88f1e2d3043cf71\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here."],"names_coll_ssim":["Bromeliad Society","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society"],"persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3662,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746"}},{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cuba (1 of 2), 1920-1980, Undated","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","ref_ssm":["aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028"],"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","title_filing_ssi":"Cuba (1 of 2)","title_ssm":["Cuba (1 of 2)"],"title_tesim":["Cuba (1 of 2)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1920-1980, Undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1920-1980, Undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuba (1 of 2), 1920-1980, Undated"],"text":["Cuba (1 of 2), 1920-1980, Undated","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Folder 20","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54115","box 19","folder 20"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_7c7243b4d414f992a8def17111639498","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 20","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54115"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":236,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"containers_ssim":["box 19","folder 20"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#0/components#2","_nest_parent_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515","_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","_version_":1870857755411087360,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"ead_ssi":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","unitdate_ssm":["1887-2013"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1887-2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"text":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs","Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","The entire collection is open for research.","José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.","Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.","Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.","This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.","The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.","UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1887-2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"geogname_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"creator_ssm":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creators_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"places_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated by Carlos Guerra, José Guerra Alemán's son, to the University of Central Florida Libraries in 2014. (CFM2014_07)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"extent_tesim":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"genreform_ssim":["correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"date_range_isim":[1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n was born to Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra and Herminia Alem\u0026#xE1;n-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pep\u0026#xED;n. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pep\u0026#xED;n. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ej\u0026#xE9;rcito) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 Divisi\u0026#xF3;n de Infanter\u0026#xED;a) called Divisi\u0026#xF3;n Rel\u0026#xE1;mpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOnce he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of \u0026#xC9;l Pa\u0026#xED;s, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne of those encounters, Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with Jos\u0026#xE9; Garc\u0026#xED;a and Eduardo Hern\u0026#xE1;ndez (Guayo) in the same company. Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote A\u0026#xFA;n Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayor\u0026#xED;as Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (D\u0026#xED;alogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biograf\u0026#xED;a de su Abuelo el General Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Alem\u0026#xE1;n). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's identity. Jose Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, Jos\u0026#xE9; Manuel Alem\u0026#xE1;n, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ram\u0026#xF3;n Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Aut\u0026#xE9;ntico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alem\u0026#xE1;n. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBooks collected by Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n can be found by performing a series search for \"Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was arranged in seven series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alem\u0026#xE1;n took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alem\u0026#xE1;n used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of Jos\u0026#xE9; G. Alem\u0026#xE1;n and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e4d41ff341ce7470c0d40282c3f71dd8\"\u003eThe collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita."],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":282,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857755411087360,"_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028"}},{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cuba (2 of 2), 1900's-1990, Undated","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","ref_ssm":["aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8"],"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","title_filing_ssi":"Cuba (2 of 2)","title_ssm":["Cuba (2 of 2)"],"title_tesim":["Cuba (2 of 2)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1900's-1990, Undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1900's-1990, Undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuba (2 of 2), 1900's-1990, Undated"],"text":["Cuba (2 of 2), 1900's-1990, Undated","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Folder 21","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54116","box 19","folder 21"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_7c7243b4d414f992a8def17111639498","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 21","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54116"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":237,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990],"containers_ssim":["box 19","folder 21"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#0/components#3","_nest_parent_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515","_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","_version_":1870857755411087360,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"ead_ssi":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","unitdate_ssm":["1887-2013"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1887-2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"text":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs","Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","The entire collection is open for research.","José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.","Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.","Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.","This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.","The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.","UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1887-2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"geogname_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"creator_ssm":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creators_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"places_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated by Carlos Guerra, José Guerra Alemán's son, to the University of Central Florida Libraries in 2014. (CFM2014_07)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"extent_tesim":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"genreform_ssim":["correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"date_range_isim":[1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n was born to Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra and Herminia Alem\u0026#xE1;n-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pep\u0026#xED;n. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pep\u0026#xED;n. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ej\u0026#xE9;rcito) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 Divisi\u0026#xF3;n de Infanter\u0026#xED;a) called Divisi\u0026#xF3;n Rel\u0026#xE1;mpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOnce he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of \u0026#xC9;l Pa\u0026#xED;s, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne of those encounters, Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with Jos\u0026#xE9; Garc\u0026#xED;a and Eduardo Hern\u0026#xE1;ndez (Guayo) in the same company. Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote A\u0026#xFA;n Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayor\u0026#xED;as Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (D\u0026#xED;alogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biograf\u0026#xED;a de su Abuelo el General Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Alem\u0026#xE1;n). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's identity. Jose Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, Jos\u0026#xE9; Manuel Alem\u0026#xE1;n, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ram\u0026#xF3;n Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Aut\u0026#xE9;ntico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alem\u0026#xE1;n. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBooks collected by Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n can be found by performing a series search for \"Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was arranged in seven series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alem\u0026#xE1;n took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alem\u0026#xE1;n used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of Jos\u0026#xE9; G. Alem\u0026#xE1;n and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e4d41ff341ce7470c0d40282c3f71dd8\"\u003eThe collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita."],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":282,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857755411087360,"_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8"}},{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eLa colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","title_ssm":["Cuban Archives"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Archives"],"ead_ssi":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","unitdate_ssm":["1786-1989","1960-1975"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1786-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"text":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114","Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials","La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.","Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"unitid_tesim":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into three Series: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLa colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye peri\u0026#xF3;dicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Am\u0026#xE9;ricas. La mayor parte de la colecci\u0026#xF3;n se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en M\u0026#xE9;xico y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de l\u0026#xED;deres de la DRE como \u0026#xC1;ngel Fern\u0026#xE1;ndez Gonz\u0026#xE1;lez. La mayor parte de los ducumentos inclu\u0026#xED;dos en la colleccion estan en espa\u0026#xF1;ol.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections \u0026amp; University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"total_component_count_is":369,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870844454512885760,"_root_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:31:46.251Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","title_ssm":["Cuban Archives"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Archives"],"ead_ssi":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","unitdate_ssm":["1786-1989","1960-1975"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1786-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"text":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114","Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials","La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.","Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"unitid_tesim":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into three Series: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLa colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye peri\u0026#xF3;dicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Am\u0026#xE9;ricas. La mayor parte de la colecci\u0026#xF3;n se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en M\u0026#xE9;xico y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de l\u0026#xED;deres de la DRE como \u0026#xC1;ngel Fern\u0026#xE1;ndez Gonz\u0026#xE1;lez. La mayor parte de los ducumentos inclu\u0026#xED;dos en la colleccion estan en espa\u0026#xF1;ol.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections \u0026amp; University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"total_component_count_is":369,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870844454512885760,"_root_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:31:46.251Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8"}},{"id":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cuban Currency (6 items), 1896-1960","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","ref_ssm":["aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea"],"id":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","title_filing_ssi":"Cuban Currency (6 items)","title_ssm":["Cuban Currency (6 items)"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Currency (6 items)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896-1960"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1896-1960"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Currency (6 items), 1896-1960"],"text":["Cuban Currency (6 items), 1896-1960","Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown","Box 1","Currency \u0026 Shares","/repositories/2/archival_objects/76891","box 1","folder 41"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["f28075319707fab1b45565f1","f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_73414","f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_755ffb26071b82a6cd188c860f4bc667"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown","Box 1","Currency \u0026 Shares"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown","Box 1","Currency \u0026 Shares"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Other level","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/76891"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":45,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Rights: Copyright undetermined. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"date_range_isim":[1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 41"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2/components#0","_nest_parent_":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_755ffb26071b82a6cd188c860f4bc667","_root_":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1","timestamp":"2026-04-29T02:04:03.535Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1","title_ssm":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection"],"title_tesim":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection"],"ead_ssi":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1","unitdate_ssm":["date unknown"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["date unknown"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC8000","/repositories/2/resources/84"],"text":["SPC8000","/repositories/2/resources/84","Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown","Cuba","Cold War","Cuba -- History -- 1933-1959","Cuba -- Pictorial works","Cuba--Politics and government. ","Cuba--Social life and customs--Pictorial works","Cuba--Social conditions--20th century","postcards","Advertising--Tourism","stamp collecting","tourism","Correspondence","The collection is open for research.","The Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection provides a glance at Cuban life and culture in the years prior to 1959. This collection contains assorted pieces of ephemera that depict the lives of average Cuban people. Included are photographs of the countryside and people, postcards, and advertisements. The Cuban tourist industry is well represented, especially the resorts and casinos of 1940s and 1950s Havana. The collection also includes magazine and newspaper articles about Cuba, both pre and post-revolution.","Rights: Copyright undetermined. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","English Spanish; Castilian"],"unitid_tesim":["SPC8000","/repositories/2/resources/84"],"normalized_date_ssm":["date unknown"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown"],"collection_title_tesim":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown"],"collection_ssim":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Cuba"],"geogname_ssim":["Cuba"],"places_ssim":["Cuba"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: Copyright undetermined. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donation"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cold War","Cuba -- History -- 1933-1959","Cuba -- Pictorial works","Cuba--Politics and government. ","Cuba--Social life and customs--Pictorial works","Cuba--Social conditions--20th century","postcards","Advertising--Tourism","stamp collecting","tourism","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cold War","Cuba -- History -- 1933-1959","Cuba -- Pictorial works","Cuba--Politics and government. ","Cuba--Social life and customs--Pictorial works","Cuba--Social conditions--20th century","postcards","Advertising--Tourism","stamp collecting","tourism","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["7.73 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["7.73 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection provides a glance at Cuban life and culture in the years prior to 1959. This collection contains assorted pieces of ephemera that depict the lives of average Cuban people. Included are photographs of the countryside and people, postcards, and advertisements. The Cuban tourist industry is well represented, especially the resorts and casinos of 1940s and 1950s Havana. The collection also includes magazine and newspaper articles about Cuba, both pre and post-revolution.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection provides a glance at Cuban life and culture in the years prior to 1959. This collection contains assorted pieces of ephemera that depict the lives of average Cuban people. Included are photographs of the countryside and people, postcards, and advertisements. The Cuban tourist industry is well represented, especially the resorts and casinos of 1940s and 1950s Havana. The collection also includes magazine and newspaper articles about Cuba, both pre and post-revolution."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights: Copyright undetermined. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections \u0026amp; University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights: Copyright undetermined. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections. ","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["English Spanish; Castilian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":258,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1","timestamp":"2026-04-29T02:04:03.535Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea"}},{"id":"02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994_aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6","type":"Drawer","attributes":{"title":"Cuban maps and ephemera, 1891-1958","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994_aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["This collection consists of Spanish language articles, posters, and maps relating to the nation of Cuba."],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994_aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6","ref_ssm":["aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6","aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6"],"id":"02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994_aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6","title_filing_ssi":"Cuban maps and ephemera","title_ssm":["Cuban maps and ephemera"],"title_tesim":["Cuban maps and ephemera"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891-1958"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891-1958"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban maps and ephemera, 1891-1958"],"text":["Cuban maps and ephemera, 1891-1958","Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958","Folder 8","/repositories/2/archival_objects/177279","Cuba","Spanish; Castilian English","case 7","The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information.","This collection consists of Spanish language articles, posters, and maps relating to the nation of Cuba.","Map case 7, drawer 7"],"component_level_isim":[1],"parent_ids_ssim":["02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 8","/repositories/2/archival_objects/177279"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958"],"extent_ssm":["1 folders"],"extent_tesim":["1 folders"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Drawer"],"level_ssim":["Drawer"],"sort_isi":8,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["None. The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958],"geogname_ssim":["Cuba"],"geogname_ssm":["Cuba"],"places_ssim":["Cuba"],"language_ssim":["Spanish; Castilian English"],"containers_ssim":["case 7"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe contents of this collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at \u003cextref href=\"http://www.copyright.gov/\"\u003ehttp://www.copyright.gov/\u003c/extref\u003e for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_356ded5dcff4d36fa2a99effd530f776\"\u003eThis collection consists of Spanish language articles, posters, and maps relating to the nation of Cuba.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of Spanish language articles, posters, and maps relating to the nation of Cuba."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_81eef74e1655d05adf17df17cad87d8a\"\u003eMap case 7, drawer 7\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Map case 7, drawer 7"],"_nest_path_":"/components#7","_nest_parent_":"02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994","_root_":"02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994","timestamp":"2026-07-08T05:38:11.968Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994","title_ssm":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera"],"title_tesim":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera"],"ead_ssi":"02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994","unitdate_ssm":["1869-1958"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1869-1958"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-2023-08","/repositories/2/resources/629"],"text":["MS-2023-08","/repositories/2/resources/629","Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958","Cuba","Tampa (Fla.) -- Newspapers","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Florida -- Politics and government","World War, 1914-1918","World War, 1939-1945","Almanac.","Spanish Civil War, Spain, 1936-1939","Spanish-American War, 1898","Political campaigns -- United States","None. The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information.","This collection contains assorted over-sized illustrations, advertisements, and graphics.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information.","Map case 7, drawer 7","USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections","English Spanish; Castilian"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-2023-08","/repositories/2/resources/629"],"normalized_date_ssm":["bulk 1869-1958"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958"],"collection_title_tesim":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958"],"collection_ssim":["Mostly Florida Broadsides and Ephemera, bulk 1869-1958"],"repository_ssm":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Cuba","Tampa (Fla.) -- Newspapers","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Florida -- Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Cuba","Tampa (Fla.) -- Newspapers","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Florida -- Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Cuba","Tampa (Fla.) -- Newspapers","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Florida -- Politics and government"],"access_terms_ssm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","World War, 1939-1945","Almanac.","Spanish Civil War, Spain, 1936-1939","Spanish-American War, 1898","Political campaigns -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","World War, 1939-1945","Almanac.","Spanish Civil War, Spain, 1936-1939","Spanish-American War, 1898","Political campaigns -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["9 folders"],"extent_tesim":["9 folders"],"date_range_isim":[1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone. The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of this collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains assorted over-sized illustrations, advertisements, and graphics.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains assorted over-sized illustrations, advertisements, and graphics."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u0026#xA0;The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.\u0026#xA0; Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at \u003cextref href=\"http://www.copyright.gov/\"\u003ehttp://www.copyright.gov/\u003c/extref\u003e for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright.  Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at  http://www.copyright.gov/  for more information."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6b498e47089557c89bed8852fd12c3d2\"\u003eMap case 7, drawer 7\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Map case 7, drawer 7"],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - Tampa Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["English Spanish; Castilian"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994","timestamp":"2026-07-08T05:38:11.968Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/02af2cf74127deeeeb9c1994_aspace_734d2df73603c3eb83918ae0332f20d6"}},{"id":"aa862cad77720b140698c8fb","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/aa862cad77720b140698c8fb#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Collection of Cuban stamps from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century."],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/aa862cad77720b140698c8fb#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"aa862cad77720b140698c8fb","title_ssm":["Cuban Stamps Collection"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Stamps Collection"],"ead_ssi":"aa862cad77720b140698c8fb","unitdate_ssm":["1855-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1855-1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC9070","/repositories/2/resources/131"],"text":["SPC9070","/repositories/2/resources/131","Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968","The collection is open for research.","The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections offers valuable insight into Cuban history through postage stamps spanning the mid-19th to mid-20th century. These stamps reflect the cultural, social, and political events that shaped Cuba during this transformative period. From being under Spanish colonial rule, to the establishment of the Cuban Republic, and the rise of the Cuban Revolution, these historical events are mirrored in the stamps themselves. In 1855, Cuba issued its first postage stamp under Spanish rule, marking the beginning of its postal service. During this period, the stamps were heavily influenced by Spain and featured imagery of the Spanish monarchy, reinforcing the connection between the Spanish Empire and Cuba.","As the 19th century came to a close, the Spanish-American War marked a pivotal moment for Cuba, shifting from a colony to an independent nation in 1902. This period saw significant changes on the island, reflected in stamps that showcased national pride, symbols of independence, and images celebrating Cuba's rich history and culture. Additionally, these stamps were used to promote tourism to Cuba. Throughout the 20th century, Cuba experienced global events such as World War I, World War II, and the Great Depression. These events contributed to political instability and frequent government changes, signaling a period of crisis on the island. During the Cold War, as the Soviet Union rose to power, the Cuban Revolution of 1959 began to reshape the nation. The stamps from this period reflect the country's transformation, with imagery of revolutionary figures like Castro and Cienfuegos, and messaging that glorified the revolution and its progress.","This collection captures the evolution of Cuban stamps as a form of communication and propaganda, mirroring the island's growing sense of self-identity and its changing relationship with foreign powers. The stamps feature images of Cuban culture, art, historical figures, national flora and fauna, and the tourism industry, all serving as tools to promote Cuba to the world. Preserving this collection provides an opportunity to explore how Cuba transformed over the course of a century. Researchers can examine the shifting political ideologies, international relations, and national identities reflected in the stamps. The Cuban Stamp Collection at FIU is not only a historical archive but also a testament to the cultural and social changes of the 20th century.","\nEl Cuban Stamp Collection del Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections ofrece una valiosa perspectiva de la historia de Cuba a través de los sellos postales que abarcan desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Estos sellos reflejan los eventos culturales, sociales y políticos que dieron forma a Cuba durante este período transformador. Desde el dominio colonial español, pasando por la creación de la República Cubana, hasta el surgimiento de la Revolución Cubana, estos eventos históricos se reflejan en los sellos mismos. En 1855, Cuba emitió su primer sello postal bajo el dominio español, marcando el comienzo de su servicio postal. Durante este período, los sellos estuvieron fuertemente influenciados por España e incluían imágenes de la monarquía española, reforzando la conexión entre el Imperio Español y Cuba.","Al final del siglo XIX, la Guerra Hispanoamericana marcó un momento clave para Cuba, pasando de ser una colonia a una nación independiente en 1902. Este período vio cambios significativos en la isla, reflejados en los sellos que mostraban el orgullo nacional, símbolos de independencia e imágenes que celebraban la rica historia y cultura de Cuba. Además, estos sellos fueron utilizados para promover el turismo hacia Cuba. A lo largo del siglo XX, Cuba experimentó eventos globales como la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, y la Gran Depresión. Estos eventos contribuyeron a la inestabilidad política y a los frecuentes cambios de gobierno, lo que señaló un período de crisis en la isla. Durante la Guerra Fría, con el auge de la Unión Soviética, la Revolución Cubana de 1959 comenzó a remodelar la nación. Los sellos de este período reflejan la transformación del país, con imágenes de figuras revolucionarias como Castro y Cienfuegos, y mensajes que glorificaban la revolución y su progreso.","Esta colección captura la evolución de los sellos cubanos como una forma de comunicación y propaganda, reflejando el creciente sentido de identidad nacional de la isla y su cambiante relación con las potencias extranjeras. Los sellos presentan imágenes de la cultura cubana, el arte, figuras históricas, la flora y fauna nacional, y la industria del turismo, todas sirviendo como herramientas para promover Cuba al mundo. Preservar esta colección brinda la oportunidad de explorar cómo Cuba se transformó a lo largo de un siglo. Los investigadores pueden examinar las ideologías políticas cambiantes, las relaciones internacionales y las identidades nacionales reflejadas en los sellos. La Colección de Sellos de Cuba en FIU no es solo un archivo histórico, sino también un testimonio de los cambios culturales y sociales del siglo XX.","The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections is a comprehensive assortment of postage stamps throughout the history of Cuba during this transformative period during the 20th century. It spans from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the Cuban Revolution and its after effects. It demonstrates social political change through stamps and how they use this form of media to create propaganda of the revolt. It also shows how they handle international relations with other nations and how it promotes cultural figures, the arts, tourism, animal and plant species, and worldwide events. This collection offers three books worth of stamp collections, ranging from 500-600 individual stamps per book. Preserving these stamps gives opportunity for researchers to find out themselves how the imagery and symbolism evolve as the Cuban Revolution progresses and develops. ","\nLa Cuban Stamp Collection en las Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections es una recopilación integral de sellos postales que abarca la historia de Cuba durante este período transformador del siglo XX. Se extiende desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta los comienzos de la Revolución Cubana y sus efectos posteriores. Demuestra el cambio social y político a través de los sellos y cómo se utiliza este medio como propaganda de la revuelta. También muestra cómo se manejan las relaciones internacionales con otras naciones y cómo se promueven figuras culturales, las artes, el turismo, especies animales y plantas, y eventos mundiales. Esta colección consta de tres libros que contienen colecciones de sellos, con un rango de 500-600 sellos individuales por libro. La preservación de estos sellos ofrece a los investigadores la oportunidad de descubrir por sí mismos cómo evolucionan las imágenes y los símbolos a medida que avanza y se desarrolla la Revolución Cubana.","Rights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.","Collection of Cuban stamps from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century.","FIU Special Collections","English Spanish; Castilian"],"unitid_tesim":["SPC9070","/repositories/2/resources/131"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1855-1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3 items"],"extent_tesim":["3 items"],"date_range_isim":[1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections offers valuable insight into Cuban history through postage stamps spanning the mid-19th to mid-20th century. These stamps reflect the cultural, social, and political events that shaped Cuba during this transformative period. From being under Spanish colonial rule, to the establishment of the Cuban Republic, and the rise of the Cuban Revolution, these historical events are mirrored in the stamps themselves. In 1855, Cuba issued its first postage stamp under Spanish rule, marking the beginning of its postal service. During this period, the stamps were heavily influenced by Spain and featured imagery of the Spanish monarchy, reinforcing the connection between the Spanish Empire and Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the 19th century came to a close, the Spanish-American War marked a pivotal moment for Cuba, shifting from a colony to an independent nation in 1902. This period saw significant changes on the island, reflected in stamps that showcased national pride, symbols of independence, and images celebrating Cuba's rich history and culture. Additionally, these stamps were used to promote tourism to Cuba. Throughout the 20th century, Cuba experienced global events such as World War I, World War II, and the Great Depression. These events contributed to political instability and frequent government changes, signaling a period of crisis on the island. During the Cold War, as the Soviet Union rose to power, the Cuban Revolution of 1959 began to reshape the nation. The stamps from this period reflect the country's transformation, with imagery of revolutionary figures like Castro and Cienfuegos, and messaging that glorified the revolution and its progress.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection captures the evolution of Cuban stamps as a form of communication and propaganda, mirroring the island's growing sense of self-identity and its changing relationship with foreign powers. The stamps feature images of Cuban culture, art, historical figures, national flora and fauna, and the tourism industry, all serving as tools to promote Cuba to the world. Preserving this collection provides an opportunity to explore how Cuba transformed over the course of a century. Researchers can examine the shifting political ideologies, international relations, and national identities reflected in the stamps. The Cuban Stamp Collection at FIU is not only a historical archive but also a testament to the cultural and social changes of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nEl Cuban Stamp Collection del Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections ofrece una valiosa perspectiva de la historia de Cuba a trav\u0026#xE9;s de los sellos postales que abarcan desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Estos sellos reflejan los eventos culturales, sociales y pol\u0026#xED;ticos que dieron forma a Cuba durante este per\u0026#xED;odo transformador. Desde el dominio colonial espa\u0026#xF1;ol, pasando por la creaci\u0026#xF3;n de la Rep\u0026#xFA;blica Cubana, hasta el surgimiento de la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana, estos eventos hist\u0026#xF3;ricos se reflejan en los sellos mismos. En 1855, Cuba emiti\u0026#xF3; su primer sello postal bajo el dominio espa\u0026#xF1;ol, marcando el comienzo de su servicio postal. Durante este per\u0026#xED;odo, los sellos estuvieron fuertemente influenciados por Espa\u0026#xF1;a e inclu\u0026#xED;an im\u0026#xE1;genes de la monarqu\u0026#xED;a espa\u0026#xF1;ola, reforzando la conexi\u0026#xF3;n entre el Imperio Espa\u0026#xF1;ol y Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAl final del siglo XIX, la Guerra Hispanoamericana marc\u0026#xF3; un momento clave para Cuba, pasando de ser una colonia a una naci\u0026#xF3;n independiente en 1902. Este per\u0026#xED;odo vio cambios significativos en la isla, reflejados en los sellos que mostraban el orgullo nacional, s\u0026#xED;mbolos de independencia e im\u0026#xE1;genes que celebraban la rica historia y cultura de Cuba. Adem\u0026#xE1;s, estos sellos fueron utilizados para promover el turismo hacia Cuba. A lo largo del siglo XX, Cuba experiment\u0026#xF3; eventos globales como la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, y la Gran Depresi\u0026#xF3;n. Estos eventos contribuyeron a la inestabilidad pol\u0026#xED;tica y a los frecuentes cambios de gobierno, lo que se\u0026#xF1;al\u0026#xF3; un per\u0026#xED;odo de crisis en la isla. Durante la Guerra Fr\u0026#xED;a, con el auge de la Uni\u0026#xF3;n Sovi\u0026#xE9;tica, la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana de 1959 comenz\u0026#xF3; a remodelar la naci\u0026#xF3;n. Los sellos de este per\u0026#xED;odo reflejan la transformaci\u0026#xF3;n del pa\u0026#xED;s, con im\u0026#xE1;genes de figuras revolucionarias como Castro y Cienfuegos, y mensajes que glorificaban la revoluci\u0026#xF3;n y su progreso.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEsta colecci\u0026#xF3;n captura la evoluci\u0026#xF3;n de los sellos cubanos como una forma de comunicaci\u0026#xF3;n y propaganda, reflejando el creciente sentido de identidad nacional de la isla y su cambiante relaci\u0026#xF3;n con las potencias extranjeras. Los sellos presentan im\u0026#xE1;genes de la cultura cubana, el arte, figuras hist\u0026#xF3;ricas, la flora y fauna nacional, y la industria del turismo, todas sirviendo como herramientas para promover Cuba al mundo. Preservar esta colecci\u0026#xF3;n brinda la oportunidad de explorar c\u0026#xF3;mo Cuba se transform\u0026#xF3; a lo largo de un siglo. Los investigadores pueden examinar las ideolog\u0026#xED;as pol\u0026#xED;ticas cambiantes, las relaciones internacionales y las identidades nacionales reflejadas en los sellos. La Colecci\u0026#xF3;n de Sellos de Cuba en FIU no es solo un archivo hist\u0026#xF3;rico, sino tambi\u0026#xE9;n un testimonio de los cambios culturales y sociales del siglo XX.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections offers valuable insight into Cuban history through postage stamps spanning the mid-19th to mid-20th century. These stamps reflect the cultural, social, and political events that shaped Cuba during this transformative period. From being under Spanish colonial rule, to the establishment of the Cuban Republic, and the rise of the Cuban Revolution, these historical events are mirrored in the stamps themselves. In 1855, Cuba issued its first postage stamp under Spanish rule, marking the beginning of its postal service. During this period, the stamps were heavily influenced by Spain and featured imagery of the Spanish monarchy, reinforcing the connection between the Spanish Empire and Cuba.","As the 19th century came to a close, the Spanish-American War marked a pivotal moment for Cuba, shifting from a colony to an independent nation in 1902. This period saw significant changes on the island, reflected in stamps that showcased national pride, symbols of independence, and images celebrating Cuba's rich history and culture. Additionally, these stamps were used to promote tourism to Cuba. Throughout the 20th century, Cuba experienced global events such as World War I, World War II, and the Great Depression. These events contributed to political instability and frequent government changes, signaling a period of crisis on the island. During the Cold War, as the Soviet Union rose to power, the Cuban Revolution of 1959 began to reshape the nation. The stamps from this period reflect the country's transformation, with imagery of revolutionary figures like Castro and Cienfuegos, and messaging that glorified the revolution and its progress.","This collection captures the evolution of Cuban stamps as a form of communication and propaganda, mirroring the island's growing sense of self-identity and its changing relationship with foreign powers. The stamps feature images of Cuban culture, art, historical figures, national flora and fauna, and the tourism industry, all serving as tools to promote Cuba to the world. Preserving this collection provides an opportunity to explore how Cuba transformed over the course of a century. Researchers can examine the shifting political ideologies, international relations, and national identities reflected in the stamps. The Cuban Stamp Collection at FIU is not only a historical archive but also a testament to the cultural and social changes of the 20th century.","\nEl Cuban Stamp Collection del Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections ofrece una valiosa perspectiva de la historia de Cuba a través de los sellos postales que abarcan desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Estos sellos reflejan los eventos culturales, sociales y políticos que dieron forma a Cuba durante este período transformador. Desde el dominio colonial español, pasando por la creación de la República Cubana, hasta el surgimiento de la Revolución Cubana, estos eventos históricos se reflejan en los sellos mismos. En 1855, Cuba emitió su primer sello postal bajo el dominio español, marcando el comienzo de su servicio postal. Durante este período, los sellos estuvieron fuertemente influenciados por España e incluían imágenes de la monarquía española, reforzando la conexión entre el Imperio Español y Cuba.","Al final del siglo XIX, la Guerra Hispanoamericana marcó un momento clave para Cuba, pasando de ser una colonia a una nación independiente en 1902. Este período vio cambios significativos en la isla, reflejados en los sellos que mostraban el orgullo nacional, símbolos de independencia e imágenes que celebraban la rica historia y cultura de Cuba. Además, estos sellos fueron utilizados para promover el turismo hacia Cuba. A lo largo del siglo XX, Cuba experimentó eventos globales como la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, y la Gran Depresión. Estos eventos contribuyeron a la inestabilidad política y a los frecuentes cambios de gobierno, lo que señaló un período de crisis en la isla. Durante la Guerra Fría, con el auge de la Unión Soviética, la Revolución Cubana de 1959 comenzó a remodelar la nación. Los sellos de este período reflejan la transformación del país, con imágenes de figuras revolucionarias como Castro y Cienfuegos, y mensajes que glorificaban la revolución y su progreso.","Esta colección captura la evolución de los sellos cubanos como una forma de comunicación y propaganda, reflejando el creciente sentido de identidad nacional de la isla y su cambiante relación con las potencias extranjeras. Los sellos presentan imágenes de la cultura cubana, el arte, figuras históricas, la flora y fauna nacional, y la industria del turismo, todas sirviendo como herramientas para promover Cuba al mundo. Preservar esta colección brinda la oportunidad de explorar cómo Cuba se transformó a lo largo de un siglo. Los investigadores pueden examinar las ideologías políticas cambiantes, las relaciones internacionales y las identidades nacionales reflejadas en los sellos. La Colección de Sellos de Cuba en FIU no es solo un archivo histórico, sino también un testimonio de los cambios culturales y sociales del siglo XX."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections is a comprehensive assortment of postage stamps throughout the history of Cuba during this transformative period during the 20th century. It spans from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the Cuban Revolution and its after effects. It demonstrates social political change through stamps and how they use this form of media to create propaganda of the revolt. It also shows how they handle international relations with other nations and how it promotes cultural figures, the arts, tourism, animal and plant species, and worldwide events. This collection offers three books worth of stamp collections, ranging from 500-600 individual stamps per book. Preserving these stamps gives opportunity for researchers to find out themselves how the imagery and symbolism evolve as the Cuban Revolution progresses and develops. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nLa Cuban Stamp Collection en las Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections es una recopilaci\u0026#xF3;n integral de sellos postales que abarca la historia de Cuba durante este per\u0026#xED;odo transformador del siglo XX. Se extiende desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta los comienzos de la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana y sus efectos posteriores. Demuestra el cambio social y pol\u0026#xED;tico a trav\u0026#xE9;s de los sellos y c\u0026#xF3;mo se utiliza este medio como propaganda de la revuelta. Tambi\u0026#xE9;n muestra c\u0026#xF3;mo se manejan las relaciones internacionales con otras naciones y c\u0026#xF3;mo se promueven figuras culturales, las artes, el turismo, especies animales y plantas, y eventos mundiales. Esta colecci\u0026#xF3;n consta de tres libros que contienen colecciones de sellos, con un rango de 500-600 sellos individuales por libro. La preservaci\u0026#xF3;n de estos sellos ofrece a los investigadores la oportunidad de descubrir por s\u0026#xED; mismos c\u0026#xF3;mo evolucionan las im\u0026#xE1;genes y los s\u0026#xED;mbolos a medida que avanza y se desarrolla la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections is a comprehensive assortment of postage stamps throughout the history of Cuba during this transformative period during the 20th century. It spans from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the Cuban Revolution and its after effects. It demonstrates social political change through stamps and how they use this form of media to create propaganda of the revolt. It also shows how they handle international relations with other nations and how it promotes cultural figures, the arts, tourism, animal and plant species, and worldwide events. This collection offers three books worth of stamp collections, ranging from 500-600 individual stamps per book. Preserving these stamps gives opportunity for researchers to find out themselves how the imagery and symbolism evolve as the Cuban Revolution progresses and develops. ","\nLa Cuban Stamp Collection en las Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections es una recopilación integral de sellos postales que abarca la historia de Cuba durante este período transformador del siglo XX. Se extiende desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta los comienzos de la Revolución Cubana y sus efectos posteriores. Demuestra el cambio social y político a través de los sellos y cómo se utiliza este medio como propaganda de la revuelta. También muestra cómo se manejan las relaciones internacionales con otras naciones y cómo se promueven figuras culturales, las artes, el turismo, especies animales y plantas, y eventos mundiales. Esta colección consta de tres libros que contienen colecciones de sellos, con un rango de 500-600 sellos individuales por libro. La preservación de estos sellos ofrece a los investigadores la oportunidad de descubrir por sí mismos cómo evolucionan las imágenes y los símbolos a medida que avanza y se desarrolla la Revolución Cubana."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4174f2603576483c6691a9df651e17c6\"\u003eCollection of Cuban stamps from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Collection of Cuban stamps from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century."],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["English Spanish; Castilian"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"aa862cad77720b140698c8fb","timestamp":"2026-04-21T02:12:13.039Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"aa862cad77720b140698c8fb","title_ssm":["Cuban Stamps Collection"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Stamps Collection"],"ead_ssi":"aa862cad77720b140698c8fb","unitdate_ssm":["1855-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1855-1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC9070","/repositories/2/resources/131"],"text":["SPC9070","/repositories/2/resources/131","Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968","The collection is open for research.","The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections offers valuable insight into Cuban history through postage stamps spanning the mid-19th to mid-20th century. These stamps reflect the cultural, social, and political events that shaped Cuba during this transformative period. From being under Spanish colonial rule, to the establishment of the Cuban Republic, and the rise of the Cuban Revolution, these historical events are mirrored in the stamps themselves. In 1855, Cuba issued its first postage stamp under Spanish rule, marking the beginning of its postal service. During this period, the stamps were heavily influenced by Spain and featured imagery of the Spanish monarchy, reinforcing the connection between the Spanish Empire and Cuba.","As the 19th century came to a close, the Spanish-American War marked a pivotal moment for Cuba, shifting from a colony to an independent nation in 1902. This period saw significant changes on the island, reflected in stamps that showcased national pride, symbols of independence, and images celebrating Cuba's rich history and culture. Additionally, these stamps were used to promote tourism to Cuba. Throughout the 20th century, Cuba experienced global events such as World War I, World War II, and the Great Depression. These events contributed to political instability and frequent government changes, signaling a period of crisis on the island. During the Cold War, as the Soviet Union rose to power, the Cuban Revolution of 1959 began to reshape the nation. The stamps from this period reflect the country's transformation, with imagery of revolutionary figures like Castro and Cienfuegos, and messaging that glorified the revolution and its progress.","This collection captures the evolution of Cuban stamps as a form of communication and propaganda, mirroring the island's growing sense of self-identity and its changing relationship with foreign powers. The stamps feature images of Cuban culture, art, historical figures, national flora and fauna, and the tourism industry, all serving as tools to promote Cuba to the world. Preserving this collection provides an opportunity to explore how Cuba transformed over the course of a century. Researchers can examine the shifting political ideologies, international relations, and national identities reflected in the stamps. The Cuban Stamp Collection at FIU is not only a historical archive but also a testament to the cultural and social changes of the 20th century.","\nEl Cuban Stamp Collection del Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections ofrece una valiosa perspectiva de la historia de Cuba a través de los sellos postales que abarcan desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Estos sellos reflejan los eventos culturales, sociales y políticos que dieron forma a Cuba durante este período transformador. Desde el dominio colonial español, pasando por la creación de la República Cubana, hasta el surgimiento de la Revolución Cubana, estos eventos históricos se reflejan en los sellos mismos. En 1855, Cuba emitió su primer sello postal bajo el dominio español, marcando el comienzo de su servicio postal. Durante este período, los sellos estuvieron fuertemente influenciados por España e incluían imágenes de la monarquía española, reforzando la conexión entre el Imperio Español y Cuba.","Al final del siglo XIX, la Guerra Hispanoamericana marcó un momento clave para Cuba, pasando de ser una colonia a una nación independiente en 1902. Este período vio cambios significativos en la isla, reflejados en los sellos que mostraban el orgullo nacional, símbolos de independencia e imágenes que celebraban la rica historia y cultura de Cuba. Además, estos sellos fueron utilizados para promover el turismo hacia Cuba. A lo largo del siglo XX, Cuba experimentó eventos globales como la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, y la Gran Depresión. Estos eventos contribuyeron a la inestabilidad política y a los frecuentes cambios de gobierno, lo que señaló un período de crisis en la isla. Durante la Guerra Fría, con el auge de la Unión Soviética, la Revolución Cubana de 1959 comenzó a remodelar la nación. Los sellos de este período reflejan la transformación del país, con imágenes de figuras revolucionarias como Castro y Cienfuegos, y mensajes que glorificaban la revolución y su progreso.","Esta colección captura la evolución de los sellos cubanos como una forma de comunicación y propaganda, reflejando el creciente sentido de identidad nacional de la isla y su cambiante relación con las potencias extranjeras. Los sellos presentan imágenes de la cultura cubana, el arte, figuras históricas, la flora y fauna nacional, y la industria del turismo, todas sirviendo como herramientas para promover Cuba al mundo. Preservar esta colección brinda la oportunidad de explorar cómo Cuba se transformó a lo largo de un siglo. Los investigadores pueden examinar las ideologías políticas cambiantes, las relaciones internacionales y las identidades nacionales reflejadas en los sellos. La Colección de Sellos de Cuba en FIU no es solo un archivo histórico, sino también un testimonio de los cambios culturales y sociales del siglo XX.","The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections is a comprehensive assortment of postage stamps throughout the history of Cuba during this transformative period during the 20th century. It spans from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the Cuban Revolution and its after effects. It demonstrates social political change through stamps and how they use this form of media to create propaganda of the revolt. It also shows how they handle international relations with other nations and how it promotes cultural figures, the arts, tourism, animal and plant species, and worldwide events. This collection offers three books worth of stamp collections, ranging from 500-600 individual stamps per book. Preserving these stamps gives opportunity for researchers to find out themselves how the imagery and symbolism evolve as the Cuban Revolution progresses and develops. ","\nLa Cuban Stamp Collection en las Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections es una recopilación integral de sellos postales que abarca la historia de Cuba durante este período transformador del siglo XX. Se extiende desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta los comienzos de la Revolución Cubana y sus efectos posteriores. Demuestra el cambio social y político a través de los sellos y cómo se utiliza este medio como propaganda de la revuelta. También muestra cómo se manejan las relaciones internacionales con otras naciones y cómo se promueven figuras culturales, las artes, el turismo, especies animales y plantas, y eventos mundiales. Esta colección consta de tres libros que contienen colecciones de sellos, con un rango de 500-600 sellos individuales por libro. La preservación de estos sellos ofrece a los investigadores la oportunidad de descubrir por sí mismos cómo evolucionan las imágenes y los símbolos a medida que avanza y se desarrolla la Revolución Cubana.","Rights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.","Collection of Cuban stamps from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century.","FIU Special Collections","English Spanish; Castilian"],"unitid_tesim":["SPC9070","/repositories/2/resources/131"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1855-1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Stamps Collection, 1855-1968"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3 items"],"extent_tesim":["3 items"],"date_range_isim":[1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections offers valuable insight into Cuban history through postage stamps spanning the mid-19th to mid-20th century. These stamps reflect the cultural, social, and political events that shaped Cuba during this transformative period. From being under Spanish colonial rule, to the establishment of the Cuban Republic, and the rise of the Cuban Revolution, these historical events are mirrored in the stamps themselves. In 1855, Cuba issued its first postage stamp under Spanish rule, marking the beginning of its postal service. During this period, the stamps were heavily influenced by Spain and featured imagery of the Spanish monarchy, reinforcing the connection between the Spanish Empire and Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs the 19th century came to a close, the Spanish-American War marked a pivotal moment for Cuba, shifting from a colony to an independent nation in 1902. This period saw significant changes on the island, reflected in stamps that showcased national pride, symbols of independence, and images celebrating Cuba's rich history and culture. Additionally, these stamps were used to promote tourism to Cuba. Throughout the 20th century, Cuba experienced global events such as World War I, World War II, and the Great Depression. These events contributed to political instability and frequent government changes, signaling a period of crisis on the island. During the Cold War, as the Soviet Union rose to power, the Cuban Revolution of 1959 began to reshape the nation. The stamps from this period reflect the country's transformation, with imagery of revolutionary figures like Castro and Cienfuegos, and messaging that glorified the revolution and its progress.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection captures the evolution of Cuban stamps as a form of communication and propaganda, mirroring the island's growing sense of self-identity and its changing relationship with foreign powers. The stamps feature images of Cuban culture, art, historical figures, national flora and fauna, and the tourism industry, all serving as tools to promote Cuba to the world. Preserving this collection provides an opportunity to explore how Cuba transformed over the course of a century. Researchers can examine the shifting political ideologies, international relations, and national identities reflected in the stamps. The Cuban Stamp Collection at FIU is not only a historical archive but also a testament to the cultural and social changes of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nEl Cuban Stamp Collection del Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections ofrece una valiosa perspectiva de la historia de Cuba a trav\u0026#xE9;s de los sellos postales que abarcan desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Estos sellos reflejan los eventos culturales, sociales y pol\u0026#xED;ticos que dieron forma a Cuba durante este per\u0026#xED;odo transformador. Desde el dominio colonial espa\u0026#xF1;ol, pasando por la creaci\u0026#xF3;n de la Rep\u0026#xFA;blica Cubana, hasta el surgimiento de la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana, estos eventos hist\u0026#xF3;ricos se reflejan en los sellos mismos. En 1855, Cuba emiti\u0026#xF3; su primer sello postal bajo el dominio espa\u0026#xF1;ol, marcando el comienzo de su servicio postal. Durante este per\u0026#xED;odo, los sellos estuvieron fuertemente influenciados por Espa\u0026#xF1;a e inclu\u0026#xED;an im\u0026#xE1;genes de la monarqu\u0026#xED;a espa\u0026#xF1;ola, reforzando la conexi\u0026#xF3;n entre el Imperio Espa\u0026#xF1;ol y Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAl final del siglo XIX, la Guerra Hispanoamericana marc\u0026#xF3; un momento clave para Cuba, pasando de ser una colonia a una naci\u0026#xF3;n independiente en 1902. Este per\u0026#xED;odo vio cambios significativos en la isla, reflejados en los sellos que mostraban el orgullo nacional, s\u0026#xED;mbolos de independencia e im\u0026#xE1;genes que celebraban la rica historia y cultura de Cuba. Adem\u0026#xE1;s, estos sellos fueron utilizados para promover el turismo hacia Cuba. A lo largo del siglo XX, Cuba experiment\u0026#xF3; eventos globales como la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, y la Gran Depresi\u0026#xF3;n. Estos eventos contribuyeron a la inestabilidad pol\u0026#xED;tica y a los frecuentes cambios de gobierno, lo que se\u0026#xF1;al\u0026#xF3; un per\u0026#xED;odo de crisis en la isla. Durante la Guerra Fr\u0026#xED;a, con el auge de la Uni\u0026#xF3;n Sovi\u0026#xE9;tica, la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana de 1959 comenz\u0026#xF3; a remodelar la naci\u0026#xF3;n. Los sellos de este per\u0026#xED;odo reflejan la transformaci\u0026#xF3;n del pa\u0026#xED;s, con im\u0026#xE1;genes de figuras revolucionarias como Castro y Cienfuegos, y mensajes que glorificaban la revoluci\u0026#xF3;n y su progreso.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEsta colecci\u0026#xF3;n captura la evoluci\u0026#xF3;n de los sellos cubanos como una forma de comunicaci\u0026#xF3;n y propaganda, reflejando el creciente sentido de identidad nacional de la isla y su cambiante relaci\u0026#xF3;n con las potencias extranjeras. Los sellos presentan im\u0026#xE1;genes de la cultura cubana, el arte, figuras hist\u0026#xF3;ricas, la flora y fauna nacional, y la industria del turismo, todas sirviendo como herramientas para promover Cuba al mundo. Preservar esta colecci\u0026#xF3;n brinda la oportunidad de explorar c\u0026#xF3;mo Cuba se transform\u0026#xF3; a lo largo de un siglo. Los investigadores pueden examinar las ideolog\u0026#xED;as pol\u0026#xED;ticas cambiantes, las relaciones internacionales y las identidades nacionales reflejadas en los sellos. La Colecci\u0026#xF3;n de Sellos de Cuba en FIU no es solo un archivo hist\u0026#xF3;rico, sino tambi\u0026#xE9;n un testimonio de los cambios culturales y sociales del siglo XX.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections offers valuable insight into Cuban history through postage stamps spanning the mid-19th to mid-20th century. These stamps reflect the cultural, social, and political events that shaped Cuba during this transformative period. From being under Spanish colonial rule, to the establishment of the Cuban Republic, and the rise of the Cuban Revolution, these historical events are mirrored in the stamps themselves. In 1855, Cuba issued its first postage stamp under Spanish rule, marking the beginning of its postal service. During this period, the stamps were heavily influenced by Spain and featured imagery of the Spanish monarchy, reinforcing the connection between the Spanish Empire and Cuba.","As the 19th century came to a close, the Spanish-American War marked a pivotal moment for Cuba, shifting from a colony to an independent nation in 1902. This period saw significant changes on the island, reflected in stamps that showcased national pride, symbols of independence, and images celebrating Cuba's rich history and culture. Additionally, these stamps were used to promote tourism to Cuba. Throughout the 20th century, Cuba experienced global events such as World War I, World War II, and the Great Depression. These events contributed to political instability and frequent government changes, signaling a period of crisis on the island. During the Cold War, as the Soviet Union rose to power, the Cuban Revolution of 1959 began to reshape the nation. The stamps from this period reflect the country's transformation, with imagery of revolutionary figures like Castro and Cienfuegos, and messaging that glorified the revolution and its progress.","This collection captures the evolution of Cuban stamps as a form of communication and propaganda, mirroring the island's growing sense of self-identity and its changing relationship with foreign powers. The stamps feature images of Cuban culture, art, historical figures, national flora and fauna, and the tourism industry, all serving as tools to promote Cuba to the world. Preserving this collection provides an opportunity to explore how Cuba transformed over the course of a century. Researchers can examine the shifting political ideologies, international relations, and national identities reflected in the stamps. The Cuban Stamp Collection at FIU is not only a historical archive but also a testament to the cultural and social changes of the 20th century.","\nEl Cuban Stamp Collection del Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections ofrece una valiosa perspectiva de la historia de Cuba a través de los sellos postales que abarcan desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Estos sellos reflejan los eventos culturales, sociales y políticos que dieron forma a Cuba durante este período transformador. Desde el dominio colonial español, pasando por la creación de la República Cubana, hasta el surgimiento de la Revolución Cubana, estos eventos históricos se reflejan en los sellos mismos. En 1855, Cuba emitió su primer sello postal bajo el dominio español, marcando el comienzo de su servicio postal. Durante este período, los sellos estuvieron fuertemente influenciados por España e incluían imágenes de la monarquía española, reforzando la conexión entre el Imperio Español y Cuba.","Al final del siglo XIX, la Guerra Hispanoamericana marcó un momento clave para Cuba, pasando de ser una colonia a una nación independiente en 1902. Este período vio cambios significativos en la isla, reflejados en los sellos que mostraban el orgullo nacional, símbolos de independencia e imágenes que celebraban la rica historia y cultura de Cuba. Además, estos sellos fueron utilizados para promover el turismo hacia Cuba. A lo largo del siglo XX, Cuba experimentó eventos globales como la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial, y la Gran Depresión. Estos eventos contribuyeron a la inestabilidad política y a los frecuentes cambios de gobierno, lo que señaló un período de crisis en la isla. Durante la Guerra Fría, con el auge de la Unión Soviética, la Revolución Cubana de 1959 comenzó a remodelar la nación. Los sellos de este período reflejan la transformación del país, con imágenes de figuras revolucionarias como Castro y Cienfuegos, y mensajes que glorificaban la revolución y su progreso.","Esta colección captura la evolución de los sellos cubanos como una forma de comunicación y propaganda, reflejando el creciente sentido de identidad nacional de la isla y su cambiante relación con las potencias extranjeras. Los sellos presentan imágenes de la cultura cubana, el arte, figuras históricas, la flora y fauna nacional, y la industria del turismo, todas sirviendo como herramientas para promover Cuba al mundo. Preservar esta colección brinda la oportunidad de explorar cómo Cuba se transformó a lo largo de un siglo. Los investigadores pueden examinar las ideologías políticas cambiantes, las relaciones internacionales y las identidades nacionales reflejadas en los sellos. La Colección de Sellos de Cuba en FIU no es solo un archivo histórico, sino también un testimonio de los cambios culturales y sociales del siglo XX."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections is a comprehensive assortment of postage stamps throughout the history of Cuba during this transformative period during the 20th century. It spans from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the Cuban Revolution and its after effects. It demonstrates social political change through stamps and how they use this form of media to create propaganda of the revolt. It also shows how they handle international relations with other nations and how it promotes cultural figures, the arts, tourism, animal and plant species, and worldwide events. This collection offers three books worth of stamp collections, ranging from 500-600 individual stamps per book. Preserving these stamps gives opportunity for researchers to find out themselves how the imagery and symbolism evolve as the Cuban Revolution progresses and develops. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nLa Cuban Stamp Collection en las Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections es una recopilaci\u0026#xF3;n integral de sellos postales que abarca la historia de Cuba durante este per\u0026#xED;odo transformador del siglo XX. Se extiende desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta los comienzos de la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana y sus efectos posteriores. Demuestra el cambio social y pol\u0026#xED;tico a trav\u0026#xE9;s de los sellos y c\u0026#xF3;mo se utiliza este medio como propaganda de la revuelta. Tambi\u0026#xE9;n muestra c\u0026#xF3;mo se manejan las relaciones internacionales con otras naciones y c\u0026#xF3;mo se promueven figuras culturales, las artes, el turismo, especies animales y plantas, y eventos mundiales. Esta colecci\u0026#xF3;n consta de tres libros que contienen colecciones de sellos, con un rango de 500-600 sellos individuales por libro. La preservaci\u0026#xF3;n de estos sellos ofrece a los investigadores la oportunidad de descubrir por s\u0026#xED; mismos c\u0026#xF3;mo evolucionan las im\u0026#xE1;genes y los s\u0026#xED;mbolos a medida que avanza y se desarrolla la Revoluci\u0026#xF3;n Cubana.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Cuban Stamp Collection at Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections is a comprehensive assortment of postage stamps throughout the history of Cuba during this transformative period during the 20th century. It spans from the mid-19th century to the beginnings of the Cuban Revolution and its after effects. It demonstrates social political change through stamps and how they use this form of media to create propaganda of the revolt. It also shows how they handle international relations with other nations and how it promotes cultural figures, the arts, tourism, animal and plant species, and worldwide events. This collection offers three books worth of stamp collections, ranging from 500-600 individual stamps per book. Preserving these stamps gives opportunity for researchers to find out themselves how the imagery and symbolism evolve as the Cuban Revolution progresses and develops. ","\nLa Cuban Stamp Collection en las Florida International University (FIU) Special Collections es una recopilación integral de sellos postales que abarca la historia de Cuba durante este período transformador del siglo XX. Se extiende desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta los comienzos de la Revolución Cubana y sus efectos posteriores. Demuestra el cambio social y político a través de los sellos y cómo se utiliza este medio como propaganda de la revuelta. También muestra cómo se manejan las relaciones internacionales con otras naciones y cómo se promueven figuras culturales, las artes, el turismo, especies animales y plantas, y eventos mundiales. Esta colección consta de tres libros que contienen colecciones de sellos, con un rango de 500-600 sellos individuales por libro. La preservación de estos sellos ofrece a los investigadores la oportunidad de descubrir por sí mismos cómo evolucionan las imágenes y los símbolos a medida que avanza y se desarrolla la Revolución Cubana."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights. The Cuban Stamps Collection are owned by Florida International University. Literary rights as possessed by the donor have been dedicated to public use for research, study, and scholarship. The collection is subject to all copyright laws."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4174f2603576483c6691a9df651e17c6\"\u003eCollection of Cuban stamps from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Collection of Cuban stamps from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century."],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["English Spanish; Castilian"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"aa862cad77720b140698c8fb","timestamp":"2026-04-21T02:12:13.039Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/aa862cad77720b140698c8fb"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Office of the President, 1883-1957","value":"Office of the President, 1883-1957","hits":196},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Office+of+the+President%2C+1883-1957\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1927\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Children's Home Society of Florida collection, 1862-2019, bulk 1902-1997","value":"Children's Home Society of Florida collection, 1862-2019, bulk 1902-1997","hits":66},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Children%27s+Home+Society+of+Florida+collection%2C+1862-2019%2C+bulk+1902-1997\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1927\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Michael A. 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