{"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1925\u0026page=47\u0026view=compact","prev":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1925\u0026page=46\u0026view=compact","next":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1925\u0026page=48\u0026view=compact","last":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1925\u0026page=234\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":47,"next_page":48,"prev_page":46,"total_pages":234,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":460,"total_count":2337,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"14db475840c3f0514acc0559","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/14db475840c3f0514acc0559#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/14db475840c3f0514acc0559#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["This collection consists of letters and documents related to the Snell/Barnard land transaction in 1913, as well as other documents and an architectural rendering of the Snell House from 1913-1951."],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/14db475840c3f0514acc0559#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"14db475840c3f0514acc0559","title_ssm":["C. Perry Snell papers"],"title_tesim":["C. Perry Snell papers"],"ead_ssi":"14db475840c3f0514acc0559","unitdate_ssm":["1898-1951","1912-1924"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1912-1924"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898-1951"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SP-MS-2007-02","/repositories/3/resources/649"],"text":["SP-MS-2007-02","/repositories/3/resources/649","C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924","Pinellas County (Fla.)","Architecture -- Conservation and restoration -- Florida","Historic preservation","None.","C. Perry Snell became a prominent developer of St. Petersburg's North Shore, the Old Northeast, and Snell Isle communities. Snell acquired tracts of land between 26th Avenue North and 30 th Avenue North, east of First Street North to Coffee Pot Bayou from the Erastus A. Barnard family of Chicago. Although documents in this collection have inclusive dates from 1898 through 1951, most of the materials relate to the 1913 land sale. These materials were acquired by purchase from Lighthouse Books through the Society for Advancement of Poynter Library. ","Notable materials in this collection include correspondence between George T. Turner and Barnard from 1912. Barnard asked for a $40,000 deposit, which represented one-quarter of the price. The full $160,000 was expected to be paid in ten years, at six percent interest, before the deed would be granted. Turner, who later developed Sunken Gardens in St. Petersburg, acted as an intermediary and was to receive a commission of 2.5 percent. Turner protested requiring the amount to be paid in full, since apparently it would deter buyers. Barnard, however, insisted on the full amount, fearing that he would be left holding undesirable portions of land. ","In November 1912, Turner found someone, presumably Snell, willing to agree to a binder of $20,000, and apparently Turner decided to front the rest until the full amount was paid. On December 6, 1912, Erastus Barnard transmitted the deed for \"the Northeast one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Seven (7), and the West one-half, (½,) of the Northwest one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Eight, (8,) Township Thirty-One (31,) South, Range Seventeen, (17,) East in Pinellas County Florida and another lot from the deceased Alice Barnard for $160,000 to the Central National Bank of St. Petersburg, Florida. ","A Central National Bank representative described Snell as an eastern syndicate who \"now seems more interested in Tampa property who was willing to bargain if Barnard would accept $25,000 now and another $25,000 in thirty days.\" ","Correspondence from Snell to Barnard in December 1912 suggested they were well-acquainted. \"I trust that your health will improve enough for you to come down for your usual winters stay,\" Snell mentioned in a letter. Barnard's responses had a more businesslike tone. A January 8, 1913 letter from Barnard to J.J. Berry tells Berry to stop working on his orange grove on the land, presumably since Snell would soon take control of the parcel. ","Most of the correspondence is in \"land-deal-legalese,\" but some of the letters are more personal. In one, Snell asked E.A. Barnard for financial assistance and apparently tried to win his trust over Turner, who Snell claimed was acting dishonorably and selfishly. Snell ran into some trouble with Turner in 1913 when showing some of Barnard's land to a Mr. Johnson of Washington. Turner and Snell agreed to split any commissions on this sale, but then Snell accused Turner of trying to claim it all. On a related deal, Snell said that Turner asked him to claim a commission and split it with Turner so that Turner would not have to split his share with his own business partner. In the same letter to Barnard, Snell asked for an extension for $4,000 from his $25,000 bill. Barnard later granted the request but clearly was not pleased. ","In the fall of 1913, Snell wrote that progress was being made on the land, but that it was expensive and therefore asked for an extension. \"I have before me 24 contracts all past due upon which the parties have asked an extension and there is nothing to do but grant it. [...] We have 24 teams and 40 men going now. We have hard surfaced streets, curbs, and cement walks and every block graded on all streets East of Locust Street. Lot of property ready for the market this winter. Mr. Hamlett and myself will both build nice homes on the Bayou this winter.\" ","All of Snell's correspondence after 1913 is typed on letterhead, and more formal. The years of World War I were apparently bad for Snell. \"Our losses in the depression of the past 4 years caused by the war will run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, but we have taken our losses; and believe that a new era of prosperity in St. Petersburg is just arriving [...]\" On March 13, 1919, Snell wrote that he has \"recently purchased Mr. Hamlett's interest in the firm.\" In correspondence between Snell and Alice Howe, Snell is sometimes late on his payments. Each time Howe reminds him he will have to pay interest on the accumulating interest. ","This collection was originally published in 2007 and was updated in 2024.","Materials related to real estate transaction and construction of the C. Perry Snell House.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information.","This collection consists of letters and documents related to the Snell/Barnard land transaction in 1913, as well as other documents and an architectural rendering of the Snell House from 1913-1951.","USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives","Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SP-MS-2007-02","/repositories/3/resources/649"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"normalized_title_ssm":["C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"collection_title_tesim":["C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"collection_ssim":["C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"repository_ssm":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Pinellas County (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Pinellas County (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"creator_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"creators_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"places_ssim":["Pinellas County (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Architecture -- Conservation and restoration -- Florida","Historic preservation"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Architecture -- Conservation and restoration -- Florida","Historic preservation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2 boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 half-size document box and 1 oversized archival box"],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["None."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eC. Perry Snell became a prominent developer of St. Petersburg's North Shore, the Old Northeast, and Snell Isle communities. Snell acquired tracts of land between 26th Avenue North and 30 th Avenue North, east of First Street North to Coffee Pot Bayou from the Erastus A. Barnard family of Chicago. Although documents in this collection have inclusive dates from 1898 through 1951, most of the materials relate to the 1913 land sale. These materials were acquired by purchase from Lighthouse Books through the Society for Advancement of Poynter Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable materials in this collection include correspondence between George T. Turner and Barnard from 1912. Barnard asked for a $40,000 deposit, which represented one-quarter of the price. The full $160,000 was expected to be paid in ten years, at six percent interest, before the deed would be granted. Turner, who later developed Sunken Gardens in St. Petersburg, acted as an intermediary and was to receive a commission of 2.5 percent. Turner protested requiring the amount to be paid in full, since apparently it would deter buyers. Barnard, however, insisted on the full amount, fearing that he would be left holding undesirable portions of land. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn November 1912, Turner found someone, presumably Snell, willing to agree to a binder of $20,000, and apparently Turner decided to front the rest until the full amount was paid. On December 6, 1912, Erastus Barnard transmitted the deed for \"the Northeast one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Seven (7), and the West one-half, (\u0026#xBD;,) of the Northwest one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Eight, (8,) Township Thirty-One (31,) South, Range Seventeen, (17,) East in Pinellas County Florida and another lot from the deceased Alice Barnard for $160,000 to the Central National Bank of St. Petersburg, Florida. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA Central National Bank representative described Snell as an eastern syndicate who \"now seems more interested in Tampa property who was willing to bargain if Barnard would accept $25,000 now and another $25,000 in thirty days.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Snell to Barnard in December 1912 suggested they were well-acquainted. \"I trust that your health will improve enough for you to come down for your usual winters stay,\" Snell mentioned in a letter. Barnard's responses had a more businesslike tone. A January 8, 1913 letter from Barnard to J.J. Berry tells Berry to stop working on his orange grove on the land, presumably since Snell would soon take control of the parcel. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMost of the correspondence is in \"land-deal-legalese,\" but some of the letters are more personal. In one, Snell asked E.A. Barnard for financial assistance and apparently tried to win his trust over Turner, who Snell claimed was acting dishonorably and selfishly. Snell ran into some trouble with Turner in 1913 when showing some of Barnard's land to a Mr. Johnson of Washington. Turner and Snell agreed to split any commissions on this sale, but then Snell accused Turner of trying to claim it all. On a related deal, Snell said that Turner asked him to claim a commission and split it with Turner so that Turner would not have to split his share with his own business partner. In the same letter to Barnard, Snell asked for an extension for $4,000 from his $25,000 bill. Barnard later granted the request but clearly was not pleased. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1913, Snell wrote that progress was being made on the land, but that it was expensive and therefore asked for an extension. \"I have before me 24 contracts all past due upon which the parties have asked an extension and there is nothing to do but grant it. [...] We have 24 teams and 40 men going now. We have hard surfaced streets, curbs, and cement walks and every block graded on all streets East of Locust Street. Lot of property ready for the market this winter. Mr. Hamlett and myself will both build nice homes on the Bayou this winter.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAll of Snell's correspondence after 1913 is typed on letterhead, and more formal. The years of World War I were apparently bad for Snell. \"Our losses in the depression of the past 4 years caused by the war will run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, but we have taken our losses; and believe that a new era of prosperity in St. Petersburg is just arriving [...]\" On March 13, 1919, Snell wrote that he has \"recently purchased Mr. Hamlett's interest in the firm.\" In correspondence between Snell and Alice Howe, Snell is sometimes late on his payments. Each time Howe reminds him he will have to pay interest on the accumulating interest. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["C. Perry Snell became a prominent developer of St. Petersburg's North Shore, the Old Northeast, and Snell Isle communities. Snell acquired tracts of land between 26th Avenue North and 30 th Avenue North, east of First Street North to Coffee Pot Bayou from the Erastus A. Barnard family of Chicago. Although documents in this collection have inclusive dates from 1898 through 1951, most of the materials relate to the 1913 land sale. These materials were acquired by purchase from Lighthouse Books through the Society for Advancement of Poynter Library. ","Notable materials in this collection include correspondence between George T. Turner and Barnard from 1912. Barnard asked for a $40,000 deposit, which represented one-quarter of the price. The full $160,000 was expected to be paid in ten years, at six percent interest, before the deed would be granted. Turner, who later developed Sunken Gardens in St. Petersburg, acted as an intermediary and was to receive a commission of 2.5 percent. Turner protested requiring the amount to be paid in full, since apparently it would deter buyers. Barnard, however, insisted on the full amount, fearing that he would be left holding undesirable portions of land. ","In November 1912, Turner found someone, presumably Snell, willing to agree to a binder of $20,000, and apparently Turner decided to front the rest until the full amount was paid. On December 6, 1912, Erastus Barnard transmitted the deed for \"the Northeast one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Seven (7), and the West one-half, (½,) of the Northwest one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Eight, (8,) Township Thirty-One (31,) South, Range Seventeen, (17,) East in Pinellas County Florida and another lot from the deceased Alice Barnard for $160,000 to the Central National Bank of St. Petersburg, Florida. ","A Central National Bank representative described Snell as an eastern syndicate who \"now seems more interested in Tampa property who was willing to bargain if Barnard would accept $25,000 now and another $25,000 in thirty days.\" ","Correspondence from Snell to Barnard in December 1912 suggested they were well-acquainted. \"I trust that your health will improve enough for you to come down for your usual winters stay,\" Snell mentioned in a letter. Barnard's responses had a more businesslike tone. A January 8, 1913 letter from Barnard to J.J. Berry tells Berry to stop working on his orange grove on the land, presumably since Snell would soon take control of the parcel. ","Most of the correspondence is in \"land-deal-legalese,\" but some of the letters are more personal. In one, Snell asked E.A. Barnard for financial assistance and apparently tried to win his trust over Turner, who Snell claimed was acting dishonorably and selfishly. Snell ran into some trouble with Turner in 1913 when showing some of Barnard's land to a Mr. Johnson of Washington. Turner and Snell agreed to split any commissions on this sale, but then Snell accused Turner of trying to claim it all. On a related deal, Snell said that Turner asked him to claim a commission and split it with Turner so that Turner would not have to split his share with his own business partner. In the same letter to Barnard, Snell asked for an extension for $4,000 from his $25,000 bill. Barnard later granted the request but clearly was not pleased. ","In the fall of 1913, Snell wrote that progress was being made on the land, but that it was expensive and therefore asked for an extension. \"I have before me 24 contracts all past due upon which the parties have asked an extension and there is nothing to do but grant it. [...] We have 24 teams and 40 men going now. We have hard surfaced streets, curbs, and cement walks and every block graded on all streets East of Locust Street. Lot of property ready for the market this winter. Mr. Hamlett and myself will both build nice homes on the Bayou this winter.\" ","All of Snell's correspondence after 1913 is typed on letterhead, and more formal. The years of World War I were apparently bad for Snell. \"Our losses in the depression of the past 4 years caused by the war will run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, but we have taken our losses; and believe that a new era of prosperity in St. Petersburg is just arriving [...]\" On March 13, 1919, Snell wrote that he has \"recently purchased Mr. Hamlett's interest in the firm.\" In correspondence between Snell and Alice Howe, Snell is sometimes late on his payments. Each time Howe reminds him he will have to pay interest on the accumulating interest. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eC. Perry Snell Papers collection, Nelson Poynter Memorial Library Special Collections and University Archives, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["C. Perry Snell Papers collection, Nelson Poynter Memorial Library Special Collections and University Archives, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was originally published in 2007 and was updated in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This collection was originally published in 2007 and was updated in 2024."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials related to real estate transaction and construction of the C. Perry Snell House.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Materials related to real estate transaction and construction of the C. Perry Snell House."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d5d1e3a2df3b9f23ab3a4a367fae2ebf\"\u003eThis collection consists of letters and documents related to the Snell/Barnard land transaction in 1913, as well as other documents and an architectural rendering of the Snell House from 1913-1951.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of letters and documents related to the Snell/Barnard land transaction in 1913, as well as other documents and an architectural rendering of the Snell House from 1913-1951."],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives","Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)"],"persname_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":7,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1875844232478982144,"_root_":"14db475840c3f0514acc0559","timestamp":"2026-09-09T09:01:06.094Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"14db475840c3f0514acc0559","title_ssm":["C. Perry Snell papers"],"title_tesim":["C. Perry Snell papers"],"ead_ssi":"14db475840c3f0514acc0559","unitdate_ssm":["1898-1951","1912-1924"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1912-1924"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898-1951"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SP-MS-2007-02","/repositories/3/resources/649"],"text":["SP-MS-2007-02","/repositories/3/resources/649","C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924","Pinellas County (Fla.)","Architecture -- Conservation and restoration -- Florida","Historic preservation","None.","C. Perry Snell became a prominent developer of St. Petersburg's North Shore, the Old Northeast, and Snell Isle communities. Snell acquired tracts of land between 26th Avenue North and 30 th Avenue North, east of First Street North to Coffee Pot Bayou from the Erastus A. Barnard family of Chicago. Although documents in this collection have inclusive dates from 1898 through 1951, most of the materials relate to the 1913 land sale. These materials were acquired by purchase from Lighthouse Books through the Society for Advancement of Poynter Library. ","Notable materials in this collection include correspondence between George T. Turner and Barnard from 1912. Barnard asked for a $40,000 deposit, which represented one-quarter of the price. The full $160,000 was expected to be paid in ten years, at six percent interest, before the deed would be granted. Turner, who later developed Sunken Gardens in St. Petersburg, acted as an intermediary and was to receive a commission of 2.5 percent. Turner protested requiring the amount to be paid in full, since apparently it would deter buyers. Barnard, however, insisted on the full amount, fearing that he would be left holding undesirable portions of land. ","In November 1912, Turner found someone, presumably Snell, willing to agree to a binder of $20,000, and apparently Turner decided to front the rest until the full amount was paid. On December 6, 1912, Erastus Barnard transmitted the deed for \"the Northeast one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Seven (7), and the West one-half, (½,) of the Northwest one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Eight, (8,) Township Thirty-One (31,) South, Range Seventeen, (17,) East in Pinellas County Florida and another lot from the deceased Alice Barnard for $160,000 to the Central National Bank of St. Petersburg, Florida. ","A Central National Bank representative described Snell as an eastern syndicate who \"now seems more interested in Tampa property who was willing to bargain if Barnard would accept $25,000 now and another $25,000 in thirty days.\" ","Correspondence from Snell to Barnard in December 1912 suggested they were well-acquainted. \"I trust that your health will improve enough for you to come down for your usual winters stay,\" Snell mentioned in a letter. Barnard's responses had a more businesslike tone. A January 8, 1913 letter from Barnard to J.J. Berry tells Berry to stop working on his orange grove on the land, presumably since Snell would soon take control of the parcel. ","Most of the correspondence is in \"land-deal-legalese,\" but some of the letters are more personal. In one, Snell asked E.A. Barnard for financial assistance and apparently tried to win his trust over Turner, who Snell claimed was acting dishonorably and selfishly. Snell ran into some trouble with Turner in 1913 when showing some of Barnard's land to a Mr. Johnson of Washington. Turner and Snell agreed to split any commissions on this sale, but then Snell accused Turner of trying to claim it all. On a related deal, Snell said that Turner asked him to claim a commission and split it with Turner so that Turner would not have to split his share with his own business partner. In the same letter to Barnard, Snell asked for an extension for $4,000 from his $25,000 bill. Barnard later granted the request but clearly was not pleased. ","In the fall of 1913, Snell wrote that progress was being made on the land, but that it was expensive and therefore asked for an extension. \"I have before me 24 contracts all past due upon which the parties have asked an extension and there is nothing to do but grant it. [...] We have 24 teams and 40 men going now. We have hard surfaced streets, curbs, and cement walks and every block graded on all streets East of Locust Street. Lot of property ready for the market this winter. Mr. Hamlett and myself will both build nice homes on the Bayou this winter.\" ","All of Snell's correspondence after 1913 is typed on letterhead, and more formal. The years of World War I were apparently bad for Snell. \"Our losses in the depression of the past 4 years caused by the war will run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, but we have taken our losses; and believe that a new era of prosperity in St. Petersburg is just arriving [...]\" On March 13, 1919, Snell wrote that he has \"recently purchased Mr. Hamlett's interest in the firm.\" In correspondence between Snell and Alice Howe, Snell is sometimes late on his payments. Each time Howe reminds him he will have to pay interest on the accumulating interest. ","This collection was originally published in 2007 and was updated in 2024.","Materials related to real estate transaction and construction of the C. Perry Snell House.","None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information.","This collection consists of letters and documents related to the Snell/Barnard land transaction in 1913, as well as other documents and an architectural rendering of the Snell House from 1913-1951.","USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives","Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SP-MS-2007-02","/repositories/3/resources/649"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"normalized_title_ssm":["C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"collection_title_tesim":["C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"collection_ssim":["C. Perry Snell papers, 1898-1951, bulk 1912-1924"],"repository_ssm":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives"],"repository_ssim":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Pinellas County (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Pinellas County (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"creator_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"creators_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959"],"places_ssim":["Pinellas County (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Architecture -- Conservation and restoration -- Florida","Historic preservation"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Architecture -- Conservation and restoration -- Florida","Historic preservation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2 boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["1 half-size document box and 1 oversized archival box"],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["None."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eC. Perry Snell became a prominent developer of St. Petersburg's North Shore, the Old Northeast, and Snell Isle communities. Snell acquired tracts of land between 26th Avenue North and 30 th Avenue North, east of First Street North to Coffee Pot Bayou from the Erastus A. Barnard family of Chicago. Although documents in this collection have inclusive dates from 1898 through 1951, most of the materials relate to the 1913 land sale. These materials were acquired by purchase from Lighthouse Books through the Society for Advancement of Poynter Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable materials in this collection include correspondence between George T. Turner and Barnard from 1912. Barnard asked for a $40,000 deposit, which represented one-quarter of the price. The full $160,000 was expected to be paid in ten years, at six percent interest, before the deed would be granted. Turner, who later developed Sunken Gardens in St. Petersburg, acted as an intermediary and was to receive a commission of 2.5 percent. Turner protested requiring the amount to be paid in full, since apparently it would deter buyers. Barnard, however, insisted on the full amount, fearing that he would be left holding undesirable portions of land. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn November 1912, Turner found someone, presumably Snell, willing to agree to a binder of $20,000, and apparently Turner decided to front the rest until the full amount was paid. On December 6, 1912, Erastus Barnard transmitted the deed for \"the Northeast one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Seven (7), and the West one-half, (\u0026#xBD;,) of the Northwest one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Eight, (8,) Township Thirty-One (31,) South, Range Seventeen, (17,) East in Pinellas County Florida and another lot from the deceased Alice Barnard for $160,000 to the Central National Bank of St. Petersburg, Florida. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA Central National Bank representative described Snell as an eastern syndicate who \"now seems more interested in Tampa property who was willing to bargain if Barnard would accept $25,000 now and another $25,000 in thirty days.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Snell to Barnard in December 1912 suggested they were well-acquainted. \"I trust that your health will improve enough for you to come down for your usual winters stay,\" Snell mentioned in a letter. Barnard's responses had a more businesslike tone. A January 8, 1913 letter from Barnard to J.J. Berry tells Berry to stop working on his orange grove on the land, presumably since Snell would soon take control of the parcel. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMost of the correspondence is in \"land-deal-legalese,\" but some of the letters are more personal. In one, Snell asked E.A. Barnard for financial assistance and apparently tried to win his trust over Turner, who Snell claimed was acting dishonorably and selfishly. Snell ran into some trouble with Turner in 1913 when showing some of Barnard's land to a Mr. Johnson of Washington. Turner and Snell agreed to split any commissions on this sale, but then Snell accused Turner of trying to claim it all. On a related deal, Snell said that Turner asked him to claim a commission and split it with Turner so that Turner would not have to split his share with his own business partner. In the same letter to Barnard, Snell asked for an extension for $4,000 from his $25,000 bill. Barnard later granted the request but clearly was not pleased. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the fall of 1913, Snell wrote that progress was being made on the land, but that it was expensive and therefore asked for an extension. \"I have before me 24 contracts all past due upon which the parties have asked an extension and there is nothing to do but grant it. [...] We have 24 teams and 40 men going now. We have hard surfaced streets, curbs, and cement walks and every block graded on all streets East of Locust Street. Lot of property ready for the market this winter. Mr. Hamlett and myself will both build nice homes on the Bayou this winter.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAll of Snell's correspondence after 1913 is typed on letterhead, and more formal. The years of World War I were apparently bad for Snell. \"Our losses in the depression of the past 4 years caused by the war will run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, but we have taken our losses; and believe that a new era of prosperity in St. Petersburg is just arriving [...]\" On March 13, 1919, Snell wrote that he has \"recently purchased Mr. Hamlett's interest in the firm.\" In correspondence between Snell and Alice Howe, Snell is sometimes late on his payments. Each time Howe reminds him he will have to pay interest on the accumulating interest. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["C. Perry Snell became a prominent developer of St. Petersburg's North Shore, the Old Northeast, and Snell Isle communities. Snell acquired tracts of land between 26th Avenue North and 30 th Avenue North, east of First Street North to Coffee Pot Bayou from the Erastus A. Barnard family of Chicago. Although documents in this collection have inclusive dates from 1898 through 1951, most of the materials relate to the 1913 land sale. These materials were acquired by purchase from Lighthouse Books through the Society for Advancement of Poynter Library. ","Notable materials in this collection include correspondence between George T. Turner and Barnard from 1912. Barnard asked for a $40,000 deposit, which represented one-quarter of the price. The full $160,000 was expected to be paid in ten years, at six percent interest, before the deed would be granted. Turner, who later developed Sunken Gardens in St. Petersburg, acted as an intermediary and was to receive a commission of 2.5 percent. Turner protested requiring the amount to be paid in full, since apparently it would deter buyers. Barnard, however, insisted on the full amount, fearing that he would be left holding undesirable portions of land. ","In November 1912, Turner found someone, presumably Snell, willing to agree to a binder of $20,000, and apparently Turner decided to front the rest until the full amount was paid. On December 6, 1912, Erastus Barnard transmitted the deed for \"the Northeast one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Seven (7), and the West one-half, (½,) of the Northwest one-quarter, (1/4,) of Section Eight, (8,) Township Thirty-One (31,) South, Range Seventeen, (17,) East in Pinellas County Florida and another lot from the deceased Alice Barnard for $160,000 to the Central National Bank of St. Petersburg, Florida. ","A Central National Bank representative described Snell as an eastern syndicate who \"now seems more interested in Tampa property who was willing to bargain if Barnard would accept $25,000 now and another $25,000 in thirty days.\" ","Correspondence from Snell to Barnard in December 1912 suggested they were well-acquainted. \"I trust that your health will improve enough for you to come down for your usual winters stay,\" Snell mentioned in a letter. Barnard's responses had a more businesslike tone. A January 8, 1913 letter from Barnard to J.J. Berry tells Berry to stop working on his orange grove on the land, presumably since Snell would soon take control of the parcel. ","Most of the correspondence is in \"land-deal-legalese,\" but some of the letters are more personal. In one, Snell asked E.A. Barnard for financial assistance and apparently tried to win his trust over Turner, who Snell claimed was acting dishonorably and selfishly. Snell ran into some trouble with Turner in 1913 when showing some of Barnard's land to a Mr. Johnson of Washington. Turner and Snell agreed to split any commissions on this sale, but then Snell accused Turner of trying to claim it all. On a related deal, Snell said that Turner asked him to claim a commission and split it with Turner so that Turner would not have to split his share with his own business partner. In the same letter to Barnard, Snell asked for an extension for $4,000 from his $25,000 bill. Barnard later granted the request but clearly was not pleased. ","In the fall of 1913, Snell wrote that progress was being made on the land, but that it was expensive and therefore asked for an extension. \"I have before me 24 contracts all past due upon which the parties have asked an extension and there is nothing to do but grant it. [...] We have 24 teams and 40 men going now. We have hard surfaced streets, curbs, and cement walks and every block graded on all streets East of Locust Street. Lot of property ready for the market this winter. Mr. Hamlett and myself will both build nice homes on the Bayou this winter.\" ","All of Snell's correspondence after 1913 is typed on letterhead, and more formal. The years of World War I were apparently bad for Snell. \"Our losses in the depression of the past 4 years caused by the war will run into the hundreds of thousands of dollars, but we have taken our losses; and believe that a new era of prosperity in St. Petersburg is just arriving [...]\" On March 13, 1919, Snell wrote that he has \"recently purchased Mr. Hamlett's interest in the firm.\" In correspondence between Snell and Alice Howe, Snell is sometimes late on his payments. Each time Howe reminds him he will have to pay interest on the accumulating interest. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eC. Perry Snell Papers collection, Nelson Poynter Memorial Library Special Collections and University Archives, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["C. Perry Snell Papers collection, Nelson Poynter Memorial Library Special Collections and University Archives, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was originally published in 2007 and was updated in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This collection was originally published in 2007 and was updated in 2024."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials related to real estate transaction and construction of the C. Perry Snell House.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Materials related to real estate transaction and construction of the C. Perry Snell House."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNone. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["None. The contents of the collection may be subject to copyright. Visit the United States Copyright Office's website at http://www.copyright.gov/ for more information."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d5d1e3a2df3b9f23ab3a4a367fae2ebf\"\u003eThis collection consists of letters and documents related to the Snell/Barnard land transaction in 1913, as well as other documents and an architectural rendering of the Snell House from 1913-1951.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of letters and documents related to the Snell/Barnard land transaction in 1913, as well as other documents and an architectural rendering of the Snell House from 1913-1951."],"names_ssim":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives","Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)"],"corpname_ssim":["USF Libraries - St. Petersburg Special Collections \u0026 University Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)"],"persname_ssim":["Snell, C. Perry, 1869-1942","Cunningham, Harry F. (Harry Francis Cunningham), 1888-1959","Barnard, E. A. (Erastus A. Barnard)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":7,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1875844232478982144,"_root_":"14db475840c3f0514acc0559","timestamp":"2026-09-09T09:01:06.094Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/14db475840c3f0514acc0559"}},{"id":"9103edeb73f113d6780867e7","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9103edeb73f113d6780867e7#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Dysart, Jane."],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9103edeb73f113d6780867e7#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eRecords and papers pertaining to the Creek Indians of Northwest Florida, collected by the University of West Florida faculty members, Jane Dysart and Lucius Ellsworth, as part of a grant project. Records include research bibliographies and research publications dealing with the history of the Creek Indians from earliest settlement to 1980, census records, claims made to the federal government in 1906 and 1957, a newspaper index of materials about the Creeks in Northwest Florida (1950-1980), records about the efforts toward formal recognition, and oral histories of Creek Indians of Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9103edeb73f113d6780867e7#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"9103edeb73f113d6780867e7","title_ssm":["Creek Indian Project Records"],"title_tesim":["Creek Indian Project Records"],"ead_ssi":"9103edeb73f113d6780867e7","unitdate_ssm":["1817-1981","1950-1981","Date acquired: 06/00/1981"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1950-1981"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1817-1981"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 06/00/1981"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M1981-07","/repositories/2/resources/158"],"text":["M1981-07","/repositories/2/resources/158","Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981","Creek Indians--Florida.","Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida.","Open to researchers, dependent on our compliance with U.S. Copyright Law, HIPPA requirements, donor agreements and other applicable state and federal statutes.  Occasionally we may need to review a collection before permitting immediate access.","Revised 02/21/1985","Revised 07/12/1983","Cataloged 12/18/1981","Records and papers pertaining to the Creek Indians of Northwest Florida, collected by the University of West Florida faculty members, Jane Dysart and Lucius Ellsworth, as part of a grant project.  Records include research bibliographies and research publications dealing with the history of the Creek Indians from earliest settlement to 1980, census records, claims made to the federal government in 1906 and 1957, a newspaper index of materials about the Creeks in Northwest Florida (1950-1980), records about the efforts toward formal recognition, and oral histories of Creek Indians of Florida.","A detailed inventory of the oral histories, narrators, and subjects is available.","Digital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  Permission may be granted by the Special Collections Librarian for such reprography dependent on issues of copyright, ownership, condition, donor agreements, etc.  In general, staff do not make reproductions of copyright materials or materials for which title is not owned by the institution.  Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.","Special Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes.","UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center","Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["M1981-07","/repositories/2/resources/158"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"collection_title_tesim":["Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"collection_ssim":["Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"repository_ssm":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center"],"repository_ssim":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"creator_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"creators_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"access_terms_ssm":["Digital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  Permission may be granted by the Special Collections Librarian for such reprography dependent on issues of copyright, ownership, condition, donor agreements, etc.  In general, staff do not make reproductions of copyright materials or materials for which title is not owned by the institution.  Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.","Special Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Jane Dysart and Dr. Lucius Ellsworth, June 1981"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Creek Indians--Florida.","Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Creek Indians--Florida.","Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1096.00 items"],"extent_tesim":["1096.00 items"],"genreform_ssim":["Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida."],"date_range_isim":[1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers, dependent on our compliance with U.S. Copyright Law, HIPPA requirements, donor agreements and other applicable state and federal statutes.  Occasionally we may need to review a collection before permitting immediate access.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers, dependent on our compliance with U.S. Copyright Law, HIPPA requirements, donor agreements and other applicable state and federal statutes.  Occasionally we may need to review a collection before permitting immediate access."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRevised 02/21/1985\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevised 07/12/1983\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCataloged 12/18/1981\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Revised 02/21/1985","Revised 07/12/1983","Cataloged 12/18/1981"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords and papers pertaining to the Creek Indians of Northwest Florida, collected by the University of West Florida faculty members, Jane Dysart and Lucius Ellsworth, as part of a grant project.  Records include research bibliographies and research publications dealing with the history of the Creek Indians from earliest settlement to 1980, census records, claims made to the federal government in 1906 and 1957, a newspaper index of materials about the Creeks in Northwest Florida (1950-1980), records about the efforts toward formal recognition, and oral histories of Creek Indians of Florida.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA detailed inventory of the oral histories, narrators, and subjects is available.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records and papers pertaining to the Creek Indians of Northwest Florida, collected by the University of West Florida faculty members, Jane Dysart and Lucius Ellsworth, as part of a grant project.  Records include research bibliographies and research publications dealing with the history of the Creek Indians from earliest settlement to 1980, census records, claims made to the federal government in 1906 and 1957, a newspaper index of materials about the Creeks in Northwest Florida (1950-1980), records about the efforts toward formal recognition, and oral histories of Creek Indians of Florida.","A detailed inventory of the oral histories, narrators, and subjects is available."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  Permission may be granted by the Special Collections Librarian for such reprography dependent on issues of copyright, ownership, condition, donor agreements, etc.  In general, staff do not make reproductions of copyright materials or materials for which title is not owned by the institution.  Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Digital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  Permission may be granted by the Special Collections Librarian for such reprography dependent on issues of copyright, ownership, condition, donor agreements, etc.  In general, staff do not make reproductions of copyright materials or materials for which title is not owned by the institution.  Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.","Special Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes."],"names_ssim":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center","Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"corpname_ssim":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Ellsworth, Lucius F.","Dysart, Jane."],"persname_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":109,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870863398917373952,"_root_":"9103edeb73f113d6780867e7","timestamp":"2026-07-16T09:32:53.050Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"9103edeb73f113d6780867e7","title_ssm":["Creek Indian Project Records"],"title_tesim":["Creek Indian Project Records"],"ead_ssi":"9103edeb73f113d6780867e7","unitdate_ssm":["1817-1981","1950-1981","Date acquired: 06/00/1981"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1950-1981"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1817-1981"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 06/00/1981"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M1981-07","/repositories/2/resources/158"],"text":["M1981-07","/repositories/2/resources/158","Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981","Creek Indians--Florida.","Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida.","Open to researchers, dependent on our compliance with U.S. Copyright Law, HIPPA requirements, donor agreements and other applicable state and federal statutes.  Occasionally we may need to review a collection before permitting immediate access.","Revised 02/21/1985","Revised 07/12/1983","Cataloged 12/18/1981","Records and papers pertaining to the Creek Indians of Northwest Florida, collected by the University of West Florida faculty members, Jane Dysart and Lucius Ellsworth, as part of a grant project.  Records include research bibliographies and research publications dealing with the history of the Creek Indians from earliest settlement to 1980, census records, claims made to the federal government in 1906 and 1957, a newspaper index of materials about the Creeks in Northwest Florida (1950-1980), records about the efforts toward formal recognition, and oral histories of Creek Indians of Florida.","A detailed inventory of the oral histories, narrators, and subjects is available.","Digital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  Permission may be granted by the Special Collections Librarian for such reprography dependent on issues of copyright, ownership, condition, donor agreements, etc.  In general, staff do not make reproductions of copyright materials or materials for which title is not owned by the institution.  Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.","Special Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes.","UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center","Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["M1981-07","/repositories/2/resources/158"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"collection_title_tesim":["Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"collection_ssim":["Creek Indian Project Records, 1817-1981, Date acquired: 06/00/1981, bulk 1950-1981"],"repository_ssm":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center"],"repository_ssim":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"creator_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"creators_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"access_terms_ssm":["Digital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  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Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.","Special Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. Jane Dysart and Dr. Lucius Ellsworth, June 1981"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Creek Indians--Florida.","Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Creek Indians--Florida.","Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1096.00 items"],"extent_tesim":["1096.00 items"],"genreform_ssim":["Indexes (reference sources)--Florida.","Bibliographies--Florida.","Census records--Florida.","Oral histories--Florida."],"date_range_isim":[1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers, dependent on our compliance with U.S. Copyright Law, HIPPA requirements, donor agreements and other applicable state and federal statutes.  Occasionally we may need to review a collection before permitting immediate access.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers, dependent on our compliance with U.S. Copyright Law, HIPPA requirements, donor agreements and other applicable state and federal statutes.  Occasionally we may need to review a collection before permitting immediate access."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRevised 02/21/1985\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRevised 07/12/1983\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCataloged 12/18/1981\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Revised 02/21/1985","Revised 07/12/1983","Cataloged 12/18/1981"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords and papers pertaining to the Creek Indians of Northwest Florida, collected by the University of West Florida faculty members, Jane Dysart and Lucius Ellsworth, as part of a grant project.  Records include research bibliographies and research publications dealing with the history of the Creek Indians from earliest settlement to 1980, census records, claims made to the federal government in 1906 and 1957, a newspaper index of materials about the Creeks in Northwest Florida (1950-1980), records about the efforts toward formal recognition, and oral histories of Creek Indians of Florida.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA detailed inventory of the oral histories, narrators, and subjects is available.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records and papers pertaining to the Creek Indians of Northwest Florida, collected by the University of West Florida faculty members, Jane Dysart and Lucius Ellsworth, as part of a grant project.  Records include research bibliographies and research publications dealing with the history of the Creek Indians from earliest settlement to 1980, census records, claims made to the federal government in 1906 and 1957, a newspaper index of materials about the Creeks in Northwest Florida (1950-1980), records about the efforts toward formal recognition, and oral histories of Creek Indians of Florida.","A detailed inventory of the oral histories, narrators, and subjects is available."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  Permission may be granted by the Special Collections Librarian for such reprography dependent on issues of copyright, ownership, condition, donor agreements, etc.  In general, staff do not make reproductions of copyright materials or materials for which title is not owned by the institution.  Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Digital photography, scanning, and photocopying of materials is prohibited.  Permission may be granted by the Special Collections Librarian for such reprography dependent on issues of copyright, ownership, condition, donor agreements, etc.  In general, staff do not make reproductions of copyright materials or materials for which title is not owned by the institution.  Recent revisions in the U.S. Copyright Law extended the copyright of correspondence, letters, and other personal papers to the life of the author plus seventy years.","Special Collections does not have signed releases for all of the oral history tapes."],"names_ssim":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center","Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"corpname_ssim":["UWF University Archives and West Florida History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Ellsworth, Lucius F.","Dysart, Jane."],"persname_ssim":["Dysart, Jane.","Ellsworth, Lucius F."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":109,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870863398917373952,"_root_":"9103edeb73f113d6780867e7","timestamp":"2026-07-16T09:32:53.050Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9103edeb73f113d6780867e7"}},{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cronología de Cuba y Miami, 1868-1959","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","ref_ssm":["aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9"],"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9","title_filing_ssi":"Cronología de Cuba y Miami","title_ssm":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami"],"title_tesim":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1868-1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1868-1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami, 1868-1959"],"text":["Cronología de Cuba y Miami, 1868-1959","Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","Series I: Published Materials","Box 3","9","/repositories/2/archival_objects/79289","Spanish; Castilian","Box 3","folder 9"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_427d17a15995ff9e2faef70d6aa60f6e","9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_31eef7e6e892426324c296b6895ec24f"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","Series I: Published Materials","Box 3"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","Series I: Published Materials","Box 3"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Box 3"],"unitid_ssm":["9","/repositories/2/archival_objects/79289"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":94,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"date_range_isim":[1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"language_ssim":["Spanish; Castilian"],"containers_ssim":["Box 3","folder 9"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2/components#8","_nest_parent_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_31eef7e6e892426324c296b6895ec24f","_root_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","_version_":1870844454512885760,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:31:46.251Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","title_ssm":["Cuban Archives"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Archives"],"ead_ssi":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","unitdate_ssm":["1786-1989","1960-1975"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1786-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"text":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114","Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials","La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.","Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"unitid_tesim":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into three Series: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLa colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye peri\u0026#xF3;dicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Am\u0026#xE9;ricas. La mayor parte de la colecci\u0026#xF3;n se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en M\u0026#xE9;xico y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de l\u0026#xED;deres de la DRE como \u0026#xC1;ngel Fern\u0026#xE1;ndez Gonz\u0026#xE1;lez. La mayor parte de los ducumentos inclu\u0026#xED;dos en la colleccion estan en espa\u0026#xF1;ol.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections \u0026amp; University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"total_component_count_is":369,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870844454512885760,"_root_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:31:46.251Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8_aspace_f58434e9ca38a6d2767b69285ac8eda9"}},{"id":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Crosses of Military Service, Circa 1923-1968","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_70761","ref_ssm":["aspace_70761","aspace_70761"],"id":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761","title_filing_ssi":"Crosses of Military Service","title_ssm":["Crosses of Military Service"],"title_tesim":["Crosses of Military Service"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Circa 1923-1968"],"normalized_date_ssm":["Circa 1923-1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Crosses of Military Service, Circa 1923-1968"],"text":["Crosses of Military Service, Circa 1923-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968","Sub-Series 3","/repositories/4/archival_objects/3682"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70757"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Sub-Series 3","/repositories/4/archival_objects/3682"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":5,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":4,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2","_nest_parent_":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70757","_root_":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","timestamp":"2026-07-08T02:56:07.473Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","title_ssm":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection"],"title_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection"],"ead_ssi":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","unitdate_ssm":["1899-1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1899-1968"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.015","/repositories/4/resources/14"],"text":["SC.015","/repositories/4/resources/14","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968","Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","Korean War, 1950-1953","Veterans--Confederate States of America","World War, 1914-1918 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","World War, 1939-1945 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Medals","The entire collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged in the same way it was originally displayed in the shadow box.","Mrs. Mary Ann Lamar Erwin, the wife of Confederate Captain Alexander S. Erwin, was inspired by the July 20-23, 1898 Confederate Reunion at Atlanta, Georgia to honor Confederate veterans for their service. Mrs. Erwin and Mrs. Sarah E. Gabbett are credited with designing the Southern Cross of Honor. Charles W. Crankshaw of Atlanta, Georgia was chosen as the manufacturer. Crankshaw was a reputable jeweler in the Atlanta region, but he subcontracted Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin to meet the order of 12,500 medals. The crosses that bore Crankshaw's name were actually struck by Schwaab. The medal was presented at the Sixth United Daughters of the Confederacy Convention in 1899. The first cross was bestowed to Captain Alexander S. Erwin on April 26, 1900. Later, the United Daughters of the Confederacy fired the Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company for striking the 1902-1903 convention badges that appropriated much of the Cross of Honor design without authorization. In 1904, the Daughters hired The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey to produce the medal. In all, 78,761 were produced from 1900 to 1959. The medal in the collection is one from the Crankshaw-Schwaab era (1900-1903), but it may be among the first medals because it has a pinback. It was a feature among the first medals struck.","The badge that commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual Reunion of United Confederate Veterans was presented to those who attended the event that took place between May 6-8, 1914 at Jacksonville, Florida. It was produced by the The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey.","\nIn 1918, World War I began and the United Daughters of the Confederacy entered into War Relief work. It was asked of each chapter keep records of all those of Confederate lineage who had enlisted in WWI as in hopes of one day honoring their service. During the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting that was held between April 1-5, 1919 in Louisville, Kentucky, Mary B. Poppenheim, the President-General of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, suggested a committee be created. Its purpose would be to explore the \"practicability\" of awarding veterans of the American Expeditionary Forces that were descendants of Confederates \"a suitable medal\" that was comparable to the Southern Cross of Honor. The suggestion was given to her by Major Wallace Streater, an officer in the A.E.F. of Confederate descent. The Convention adopted the resolution and the motion was carried.","\nThe Committee on Insignia for Confederate Descendants of the World War was created at the Twenty Fifth Convention and Mrs. W.B. Scarborough became the head of the committee. They would make their first report at a convention at Tampa, Florida on November 15, 1919. At the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting that was held from November 8-12, 1921 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Committee was tasked to find an artist for the medal. At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting that was held from November 14-18, 1922 at Birmingham, Alabama, the Committee reported that they had taken the recommendation from the Numismatic Society of New York to select Chester Beach to design the medal and the Convention approved the motion. The Committee was authorized to order of 5,000 medals. The Medallic Art Company in New York was chosen to produce the orders.","\nThursday afternoon, November 22, 1923, a cross marked by a circle as its number, was placed on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington, and that same evening the first two were presented to Major General Robert Lee Bullard and to Major Wallace Streater.","\nDuring Thirty-Third Annual Convention that took place in Richmond, Virginia from November 16-20, 1926, Ms. Mary Lou Gordon White of Tennessee suggested veterans of the Spanish-American War have an award similar to the Cross of Military Service with similar guidelines. At the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina from November 15 to 19, 1927, the idea was formally approved by the Executive Committee. At the Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention held from November 20-24, 1928 at Houston, Texas, a committee was approved to prepare the rules of bestowal and recommend a design of the medal.","\nMrs. Julia N. Streater, wife of Major Wallace Streater, was the chairman of the committee and submitted a report at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention that was held from November 19-23, 1929 at Biloxi, Mississippi. Mrs. Streater's report stated they had consulted Major A. H. Dondero of the U.S. Army Officers Reserve Corps on the design of the medal and estimated that there were 5,000 to 6,000 eligible veterans. The Committee report also suggested that veterans of the \"Cuban Pacification\" and the \"Philippine Insurrection\" be accommodated for their service. After a small debate on whether to include the \"Cuban Pacification\" and \"Philippine Insurrection\" for the same decoration or not, the report and its recommendation were adopted, seconded, and carried by the Convention.","\nAt the Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention that was held from November 18-22, 1930 at Asheville, North Carolina, The Committee submitted a report that advised separate medals be created for the Philippine Insurrection and/or the Cuban Pacification veterans after consultations with experts. The Convention adopted these recommendations and 200 Philippine Insurrection Crosses of Military Service were ordered. The Medallic Art Company produced the crosses. The very first recipient was Major J. Russell Ingram of Florida at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention at Jacksonville, Florida in November 17-21, 1931.","\nAt the Forty-Ninth Annual Convention held at St. Louis, Missouri from November 4-6, 1942, President-General Eloise W. Wright recommended a committee be created for the purpose creating a medal for veterans of the Second World War who were descendants of Confederates. Mrs. McFarland of Texas moved the recommendation for adoption, seconded by Mrs. Merchant, and the recommendation was carried.\n    \n    \nDuring the Fiftieth Annual Convention that took place from November 18-21, 1943 at Columbus, Ohio, the Chairman of the Committee for Securing a Military Cross for World War No. 2, Mrs. Katherine Robinson Everett, reported she had contacted Chester A. Beach regarding the design of the medal and Clyde C. Trees, the president of Medallic Art Company, regarding the production of the medal. Mrs. Merchant motioned for the recommendation of Mr. Beach's design, the Medallic Art Company produce the medal, and obtaining permission by the U.S. Government to produce the medal as the allocation of metals were for the war effort. After an argument between members at the convention regarding the medal, Mrs. Woodbury moved the decision be made at a future date and Mrs. Merchant withdrew her recommendation. Mrs. Schuyler seconded Mrs. Woodbury's motion and it was carried.","\nDuring the Fifty-First Annual Convention that took place from November 21-24, 1944 at Nashville, Tennessee, President-General Mary Hadley Woodard reported the past difficulties to unable to produce Crosses of Military Service due to restrictions on the use of metals by the Federal government because of the allocation of metals to be used for the war effort. Mrs. Woodard was confident with the war's end \"imminent,\" restrictions would be lifted. Mrs. Everett, Chairman of the Committee on Cross of Military Service - World War No. 2, reported six design choices for the cross and the recommendation of Chester A. Beach as well as sculptor Roger Noble Burnham to use the Medallic Art Company to produce the cross. It was decided that the Committee and the Executive Board choose the design.","\nDuring the Fifty-Second Annual Convention that took place from November 21-23, 1945 at Houston, Texas, President-General Woodard reported with regulations lifted on metals on July 1, 1945, negotiations with the Medallic Art Company began with order of 5,000 medals. However, the company reported back with there would be delay due to the need for materials to produce the medals. A sketch of the final design of the cross was available for viewing at the convention. During the Fifty-Third Annual Convention that took place from November 18-23, 1946 at Jackson, Mississippi, Mrs. Cecil Brawley Long, Custodian of Crosses of Honor and Service, reported distribution of the crosses had begun and Lieutenant Commander Spencer Downs Wright was the first recipient.","\nDuring the Fifty-Eighth Annual Convention that took place November 7-9, 1951, in Asheville, North Carolina, Recorder-General of Crosses of Honor and Service Liza Ellen Carpenter recommended the Medallic Art Company be authorized to set aside bronze for 3,000 Korean War Crosses of Military Service. At the Fifty-Ninth Annual Convention that took place November 9-13, 1952 in Biloxi, Mississippi, this recommendation was changed from 3,000 to 1,000 and be ordered in lots of 250 twice a year. This extended the final payment to two years from the first shipment. The recommendation was seconded and adopted. At the Sixtieth Annual Convention that took place November 8-12, 1953 in Washington, D.C., the first cross was given to Captain James Cornelius Ruddell, Jr., and was awarded posthumously.","\nThe Vietnam Cross was presented for the first time in 1968 at the Annual Convention in Richmond, Virginia. The first three crosses were presented to General William C. Westmoreland, Lieutenant Colonel John L. Heiss, III, and to Major James Ewell Brown Stuart, IV.","The set of medals were donated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 by President Mrs. Gwen Hadden, and Mrs. Robert E. Drake, the Recorder of Crosses, to the University of Central Florida Associate Dean of Library Development, Dr. W. Rex Brown, and the University of Central Florida Director of Libraries, Anne Marie Allison, during a presentation ceremony that took place May 24, 1988 at the University of Central Florida Library Special Collections Room.","The medals were placed in a shadow box that included incscriptions of the medals. In 2017, Book Conservator Christopher Saclolo removed the medals from the shadow box and the medals were transferred to a more archival appropriate box. The finding aid was created by Steven Trelstad in 2017.","African American Legacy: The Carol Mundy Collection, 1794-2010","William D. Chapman Collection, 1865, 1975","John O. Moench Collection, Circa 1861-1865","United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968, consists of a set of bronze medals donated by the Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that include the Southern Cross of Honor, five Crosses of Military Service from World War I to the Vietnam War, and a badge from the Twenty-Fourth Annual Convention of the United Confederate Veterans.","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.","The collection contains six bronze medals and one badge from the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The medals were created to honor either Confederate veterans for their service in the Confederate Armed Forces or their descendants who served in the United States military during the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1955-1975). The badge commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual United Confederate Veterans Reunion in 1914 and was given those in attendance.","UCF Special Collections","United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.015","/repositories/4/resources/14"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1899-1968"],"normalized_title_ssm":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"collection_title_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"collection_ssim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, 1899-1968"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["Philippines -- History -- Philippine American War, 1899-1902","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy donated these materials to the University of Central Florida Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives in 1988 (CFM1988_01)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Korean War, 1950-1953","Veterans--Confederate States of America","World War, 1914-1918 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","World War, 1939-1945 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Medals"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Korean War, 1950-1953","Veterans--Confederate States of America","World War, 1914-1918 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","World War, 1939-1945 -- Medals, badges, decorations, etc.","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Medals"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.25 Linear Feet 1 Box"],"extent_tesim":["1.25 Linear Feet 1 Box"],"date_range_isim":[1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in the same way it was originally displayed in the shadow box.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in the same way it was originally displayed in the shadow box."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMrs. Mary Ann Lamar Erwin, the wife of Confederate Captain Alexander S. Erwin, was inspired by the July 20-23, 1898 Confederate Reunion at Atlanta, Georgia to honor Confederate veterans for their service. Mrs. Erwin and Mrs. Sarah E. Gabbett are credited with designing the Southern Cross of Honor. Charles W. Crankshaw of Atlanta, Georgia was chosen as the manufacturer. Crankshaw was a reputable jeweler in the Atlanta region, but he subcontracted Schwaab Stamp \u0026amp; Seal Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin to meet the order of 12,500 medals. The crosses that bore Crankshaw's name were actually struck by Schwaab. The medal was presented at the Sixth United Daughters of the Confederacy Convention in 1899. The first cross was bestowed to Captain Alexander S. Erwin on April 26, 1900. Later, the United Daughters of the Confederacy fired the Schwaab Stamp \u0026amp; Seal Company for striking the 1902-1903 convention badges that appropriated much of the Cross of Honor design without authorization. In 1904, the Daughters hired The Whitehead \u0026amp; Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey to produce the medal. In all, 78,761 were produced from 1900 to 1959. The medal in the collection is one from the Crankshaw-Schwaab era (1900-1903), but it may be among the first medals because it has a pinback. It was a feature among the first medals struck.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe badge that commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual Reunion of United Confederate Veterans was presented to those who attended the event that took place between May 6-8, 1914 at Jacksonville, Florida. It was produced by the The Whitehead \u0026amp; Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn 1918, World War I began and the United Daughters of the Confederacy entered into War Relief work. It was asked of each chapter keep records of all those of Confederate lineage who had enlisted in WWI as in hopes of one day honoring their service. During the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting that was held between April 1-5, 1919 in Louisville, Kentucky, Mary B. Poppenheim, the President-General of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, suggested a committee be created. Its purpose would be to explore the \"practicability\" of awarding veterans of the American Expeditionary Forces that were descendants of Confederates \"a suitable medal\" that was comparable to the Southern Cross of Honor. The suggestion was given to her by Major Wallace Streater, an officer in the A.E.F. of Confederate descent. The Convention adopted the resolution and the motion was carried.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Committee on Insignia for Confederate Descendants of the World War was created at the Twenty Fifth Convention and Mrs. W.B. Scarborough became the head of the committee. They would make their first report at a convention at Tampa, Florida on November 15, 1919. At the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting that was held from November 8-12, 1921 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Committee was tasked to find an artist for the medal. At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting that was held from November 14-18, 1922 at Birmingham, Alabama, the Committee reported that they had taken the recommendation from the Numismatic Society of New York to select Chester Beach to design the medal and the Convention approved the motion. The Committee was authorized to order of 5,000 medals. The Medallic Art Company in New York was chosen to produce the orders.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThursday afternoon, November 22, 1923, a cross marked by a circle as its number, was placed on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington, and that same evening the first two were presented to Major General Robert Lee Bullard and to Major Wallace Streater.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring Thirty-Third Annual Convention that took place in Richmond, Virginia from November 16-20, 1926, Ms. Mary Lou Gordon White of Tennessee suggested veterans of the Spanish-American War have an award similar to the Cross of Military Service with similar guidelines. At the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina from November 15 to 19, 1927, the idea was formally approved by the Executive Committee. At the Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention held from November 20-24, 1928 at Houston, Texas, a committee was approved to prepare the rules of bestowal and recommend a design of the medal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nMrs. Julia N. Streater, wife of Major Wallace Streater, was the chairman of the committee and submitted a report at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention that was held from November 19-23, 1929 at Biloxi, Mississippi. Mrs. Streater's report stated they had consulted Major A. H. Dondero of the U.S. Army Officers Reserve Corps on the design of the medal and estimated that there were 5,000 to 6,000 eligible veterans. The Committee report also suggested that veterans of the \"Cuban Pacification\" and the \"Philippine Insurrection\" be accommodated for their service. After a small debate on whether to include the \"Cuban Pacification\" and \"Philippine Insurrection\" for the same decoration or not, the report and its recommendation were adopted, seconded, and carried by the Convention.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAt the Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention that was held from November 18-22, 1930 at Asheville, North Carolina, The Committee submitted a report that advised separate medals be created for the Philippine Insurrection and/or the Cuban Pacification veterans after consultations with experts. The Convention adopted these recommendations and 200 Philippine Insurrection Crosses of Military Service were ordered. The Medallic Art Company produced the crosses. The very first recipient was Major J. Russell Ingram of Florida at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention at Jacksonville, Florida in November 17-21, 1931.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nAt the Forty-Ninth Annual Convention held at St. Louis, Missouri from November 4-6, 1942, President-General Eloise W. Wright recommended a committee be created for the purpose creating a medal for veterans of the Second World War who were descendants of Confederates. Mrs. McFarland of Texas moved the recommendation for adoption, seconded by Mrs. Merchant, and the recommendation was carried.\n    \n    \nDuring the Fiftieth Annual Convention that took place from November 18-21, 1943 at Columbus, Ohio, the Chairman of the Committee for Securing a Military Cross for World War No. 2, Mrs. Katherine Robinson Everett, reported she had contacted Chester A. Beach regarding the design of the medal and Clyde C. Trees, the president of Medallic Art Company, regarding the production of the medal. Mrs. Merchant motioned for the recommendation of Mr. Beach's design, the Medallic Art Company produce the medal, and obtaining permission by the U.S. Government to produce the medal as the allocation of metals were for the war effort. After an argument between members at the convention regarding the medal, Mrs. Woodbury moved the decision be made at a future date and Mrs. Merchant withdrew her recommendation. Mrs. Schuyler seconded Mrs. Woodbury's motion and it was carried.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring the Fifty-First Annual Convention that took place from November 21-24, 1944 at Nashville, Tennessee, President-General Mary Hadley Woodard reported the past difficulties to unable to produce Crosses of Military Service due to restrictions on the use of metals by the Federal government because of the allocation of metals to be used for the war effort. Mrs. Woodard was confident with the war's end \"imminent,\" restrictions would be lifted. Mrs. Everett, Chairman of the Committee on Cross of Military Service - World War No. 2, reported six design choices for the cross and the recommendation of Chester A. Beach as well as sculptor Roger Noble Burnham to use the Medallic Art Company to produce the cross. It was decided that the Committee and the Executive Board choose the design.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring the Fifty-Second Annual Convention that took place from November 21-23, 1945 at Houston, Texas, President-General Woodard reported with regulations lifted on metals on July 1, 1945, negotiations with the Medallic Art Company began with order of 5,000 medals. However, the company reported back with there would be delay due to the need for materials to produce the medals. A sketch of the final design of the cross was available for viewing at the convention. During the Fifty-Third Annual Convention that took place from November 18-23, 1946 at Jackson, Mississippi, Mrs. Cecil Brawley Long, Custodian of Crosses of Honor and Service, reported distribution of the crosses had begun and Lieutenant Commander Spencer Downs Wright was the first recipient.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nDuring the Fifty-Eighth Annual Convention that took place November 7-9, 1951, in Asheville, North Carolina, Recorder-General of Crosses of Honor and Service Liza Ellen Carpenter recommended the Medallic Art Company be authorized to set aside bronze for 3,000 Korean War Crosses of Military Service. At the Fifty-Ninth Annual Convention that took place November 9-13, 1952 in Biloxi, Mississippi, this recommendation was changed from 3,000 to 1,000 and be ordered in lots of 250 twice a year. This extended the final payment to two years from the first shipment. The recommendation was seconded and adopted. At the Sixtieth Annual Convention that took place November 8-12, 1953 in Washington, D.C., the first cross was given to Captain James Cornelius Ruddell, Jr., and was awarded posthumously.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Vietnam Cross was presented for the first time in 1968 at the Annual Convention in Richmond, Virginia. The first three crosses were presented to General William C. Westmoreland, Lieutenant Colonel John L. Heiss, III, and to Major James Ewell Brown Stuart, IV.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mrs. Mary Ann Lamar Erwin, the wife of Confederate Captain Alexander S. Erwin, was inspired by the July 20-23, 1898 Confederate Reunion at Atlanta, Georgia to honor Confederate veterans for their service. Mrs. Erwin and Mrs. Sarah E. Gabbett are credited with designing the Southern Cross of Honor. Charles W. Crankshaw of Atlanta, Georgia was chosen as the manufacturer. Crankshaw was a reputable jeweler in the Atlanta region, but he subcontracted Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company of Milwaukee, Wisconsin to meet the order of 12,500 medals. The crosses that bore Crankshaw's name were actually struck by Schwaab. The medal was presented at the Sixth United Daughters of the Confederacy Convention in 1899. The first cross was bestowed to Captain Alexander S. Erwin on April 26, 1900. Later, the United Daughters of the Confederacy fired the Schwaab Stamp \u0026 Seal Company for striking the 1902-1903 convention badges that appropriated much of the Cross of Honor design without authorization. In 1904, the Daughters hired The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey to produce the medal. In all, 78,761 were produced from 1900 to 1959. The medal in the collection is one from the Crankshaw-Schwaab era (1900-1903), but it may be among the first medals because it has a pinback. It was a feature among the first medals struck.","The badge that commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual Reunion of United Confederate Veterans was presented to those who attended the event that took place between May 6-8, 1914 at Jacksonville, Florida. It was produced by the The Whitehead \u0026 Hoag Company of Newark, New Jersey.","\nIn 1918, World War I began and the United Daughters of the Confederacy entered into War Relief work. It was asked of each chapter keep records of all those of Confederate lineage who had enlisted in WWI as in hopes of one day honoring their service. During the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting that was held between April 1-5, 1919 in Louisville, Kentucky, Mary B. Poppenheim, the President-General of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, suggested a committee be created. Its purpose would be to explore the \"practicability\" of awarding veterans of the American Expeditionary Forces that were descendants of Confederates \"a suitable medal\" that was comparable to the Southern Cross of Honor. The suggestion was given to her by Major Wallace Streater, an officer in the A.E.F. of Confederate descent. The Convention adopted the resolution and the motion was carried.","\nThe Committee on Insignia for Confederate Descendants of the World War was created at the Twenty Fifth Convention and Mrs. W.B. Scarborough became the head of the committee. They would make their first report at a convention at Tampa, Florida on November 15, 1919. At the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting that was held from November 8-12, 1921 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Committee was tasked to find an artist for the medal. At the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting that was held from November 14-18, 1922 at Birmingham, Alabama, the Committee reported that they had taken the recommendation from the Numismatic Society of New York to select Chester Beach to design the medal and the Convention approved the motion. The Committee was authorized to order of 5,000 medals. The Medallic Art Company in New York was chosen to produce the orders.","\nThursday afternoon, November 22, 1923, a cross marked by a circle as its number, was placed on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington, and that same evening the first two were presented to Major General Robert Lee Bullard and to Major Wallace Streater.","\nDuring Thirty-Third Annual Convention that took place in Richmond, Virginia from November 16-20, 1926, Ms. Mary Lou Gordon White of Tennessee suggested veterans of the Spanish-American War have an award similar to the Cross of Military Service with similar guidelines. At the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina from November 15 to 19, 1927, the idea was formally approved by the Executive Committee. At the Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention held from November 20-24, 1928 at Houston, Texas, a committee was approved to prepare the rules of bestowal and recommend a design of the medal.","\nMrs. Julia N. Streater, wife of Major Wallace Streater, was the chairman of the committee and submitted a report at the Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention that was held from November 19-23, 1929 at Biloxi, Mississippi. Mrs. Streater's report stated they had consulted Major A. H. Dondero of the U.S. Army Officers Reserve Corps on the design of the medal and estimated that there were 5,000 to 6,000 eligible veterans. The Committee report also suggested that veterans of the \"Cuban Pacification\" and the \"Philippine Insurrection\" be accommodated for their service. After a small debate on whether to include the \"Cuban Pacification\" and \"Philippine Insurrection\" for the same decoration or not, the report and its recommendation were adopted, seconded, and carried by the Convention.","\nAt the Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention that was held from November 18-22, 1930 at Asheville, North Carolina, The Committee submitted a report that advised separate medals be created for the Philippine Insurrection and/or the Cuban Pacification veterans after consultations with experts. The Convention adopted these recommendations and 200 Philippine Insurrection Crosses of Military Service were ordered. The Medallic Art Company produced the crosses. The very first recipient was Major J. Russell Ingram of Florida at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention at Jacksonville, Florida in November 17-21, 1931.","\nAt the Forty-Ninth Annual Convention held at St. Louis, Missouri from November 4-6, 1942, President-General Eloise W. Wright recommended a committee be created for the purpose creating a medal for veterans of the Second World War who were descendants of Confederates. Mrs. McFarland of Texas moved the recommendation for adoption, seconded by Mrs. Merchant, and the recommendation was carried.\n    \n    \nDuring the Fiftieth Annual Convention that took place from November 18-21, 1943 at Columbus, Ohio, the Chairman of the Committee for Securing a Military Cross for World War No. 2, Mrs. Katherine Robinson Everett, reported she had contacted Chester A. Beach regarding the design of the medal and Clyde C. Trees, the president of Medallic Art Company, regarding the production of the medal. Mrs. Merchant motioned for the recommendation of Mr. Beach's design, the Medallic Art Company produce the medal, and obtaining permission by the U.S. Government to produce the medal as the allocation of metals were for the war effort. After an argument between members at the convention regarding the medal, Mrs. Woodbury moved the decision be made at a future date and Mrs. Merchant withdrew her recommendation. Mrs. Schuyler seconded Mrs. Woodbury's motion and it was carried.","\nDuring the Fifty-First Annual Convention that took place from November 21-24, 1944 at Nashville, Tennessee, President-General Mary Hadley Woodard reported the past difficulties to unable to produce Crosses of Military Service due to restrictions on the use of metals by the Federal government because of the allocation of metals to be used for the war effort. Mrs. Woodard was confident with the war's end \"imminent,\" restrictions would be lifted. Mrs. Everett, Chairman of the Committee on Cross of Military Service - World War No. 2, reported six design choices for the cross and the recommendation of Chester A. Beach as well as sculptor Roger Noble Burnham to use the Medallic Art Company to produce the cross. It was decided that the Committee and the Executive Board choose the design.","\nDuring the Fifty-Second Annual Convention that took place from November 21-23, 1945 at Houston, Texas, President-General Woodard reported with regulations lifted on metals on July 1, 1945, negotiations with the Medallic Art Company began with order of 5,000 medals. However, the company reported back with there would be delay due to the need for materials to produce the medals. A sketch of the final design of the cross was available for viewing at the convention. During the Fifty-Third Annual Convention that took place from November 18-23, 1946 at Jackson, Mississippi, Mrs. Cecil Brawley Long, Custodian of Crosses of Honor and Service, reported distribution of the crosses had begun and Lieutenant Commander Spencer Downs Wright was the first recipient.","\nDuring the Fifty-Eighth Annual Convention that took place November 7-9, 1951, in Asheville, North Carolina, Recorder-General of Crosses of Honor and Service Liza Ellen Carpenter recommended the Medallic Art Company be authorized to set aside bronze for 3,000 Korean War Crosses of Military Service. At the Fifty-Ninth Annual Convention that took place November 9-13, 1952 in Biloxi, Mississippi, this recommendation was changed from 3,000 to 1,000 and be ordered in lots of 250 twice a year. This extended the final payment to two years from the first shipment. The recommendation was seconded and adopted. At the Sixtieth Annual Convention that took place November 8-12, 1953 in Washington, D.C., the first cross was given to Captain James Cornelius Ruddell, Jr., and was awarded posthumously.","\nThe Vietnam Cross was presented for the first time in 1968 at the Annual Convention in Richmond, Virginia. The first three crosses were presented to General William C. Westmoreland, Lieutenant Colonel John L. Heiss, III, and to Major James Ewell Brown Stuart, IV."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnited Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe set of medals were donated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 by President Mrs. Gwen Hadden, and Mrs. Robert E. Drake, the Recorder of Crosses, to the University of Central Florida Associate Dean of Library Development, Dr. W. Rex Brown, and the University of Central Florida Director of Libraries, Anne Marie Allison, during a presentation ceremony that took place May 24, 1988 at the University of Central Florida Library Special Collections Room.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe medals were placed in a shadow box that included incscriptions of the medals. In 2017, Book Conservator Christopher Saclolo removed the medals from the shadow box and the medals were transferred to a more archival appropriate box. The finding aid was created by Steven Trelstad in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The set of medals were donated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 by President Mrs. Gwen Hadden, and Mrs. Robert E. Drake, the Recorder of Crosses, to the University of Central Florida Associate Dean of Library Development, Dr. W. Rex Brown, and the University of Central Florida Director of Libraries, Anne Marie Allison, during a presentation ceremony that took place May 24, 1988 at the University of Central Florida Library Special Collections Room.","The medals were placed in a shadow box that included incscriptions of the medals. In 2017, Book Conservator Christopher Saclolo removed the medals from the shadow box and the medals were transferred to a more archival appropriate box. The finding aid was created by Steven Trelstad in 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2009-02\"\u003eAfrican American Legacy: The Carol Mundy Collection, 1794-2010\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2005-20\"\u003eWilliam D. Chapman Collection, 1865, 1975\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM1995_02\"\u003eJohn O. Moench Collection, Circa 1861-1865\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["African American Legacy: The Carol Mundy Collection, 1794-2010","William D. Chapman Collection, 1865, 1975","John O. Moench Collection, Circa 1861-1865"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnited Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968, consists of a set of bronze medals donated by the Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that include the Southern Cross of Honor, five Crosses of Military Service from World War I to the Vietnam War, and a badge from the Twenty-Fourth Annual Convention of the United Confederate Veterans.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["United Daughters of the Confederacy Medal Collection, Circa 1899-1968, consists of a set of bronze medals donated by the Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy that include the Southern Cross of Honor, five Crosses of Military Service from World War I to the Vietnam War, and a badge from the Twenty-Fourth Annual Convention of the United Confederate Veterans."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_26056843807eb84600eff1e8f6b3007f\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection contains six bronze medals and one badge from the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The medals were created to honor either Confederate veterans for their service in the Confederate Armed Forces or their descendants who served in the United States military during the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1955-1975). The badge commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual United Confederate Veterans Reunion in 1914 and was given those in attendance.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection contains six bronze medals and one badge from the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The medals were created to honor either Confederate veterans for their service in the Confederate Armed Forces or their descendants who served in the United States military during the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), World War I (1917-1918), World War II (1941-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1955-1975). The badge commemorates the Twenty-Fourth Annual United Confederate Veterans Reunion in 1914 and was given those in attendance."],"names_coll_ssim":["United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","United Confederate Veterans","United Daughters of the Confederacy. Jefferson Davis Chapter No. 2173 (Orlando, Fla.)","United Daughters of the Confederacy -- Medals"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":9,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48","timestamp":"2026-07-08T02:56:07.473Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/7e7730d0a16959bd1212da48_aspace_70761"}},{"id":"a9318d72357e231e84b17933_aspace_11a576fa4da8a55461e53204f33ddcf2","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Crowd at Hollywood Beach, Hollywood, Florida on July 4, 1925","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/a9318d72357e231e84b17933_aspace_11a576fa4da8a55461e53204f33ddcf2#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_11a576fa4da8a55461e53204f33ddcf2","ref_ssm":["aspace_11a576fa4da8a55461e53204f33ddcf2","aspace_11a576fa4da8a55461e53204f33ddcf2"],"id":"a9318d72357e231e84b17933_aspace_11a576fa4da8a55461e53204f33ddcf2","title_filing_ssi":"Crowd at Hollywood Beach, Hollywood, Florida on July 4","title_ssm":["Crowd at Hollywood Beach, Hollywood, Florida on July 4"],"title_tesim":["Crowd at Hollywood Beach, Hollywood, Florida on July 4"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1925"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1925"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Crowd at Hollywood Beach, Hollywood, Florida on July 4, 1925"],"text":["Crowd at Hollywood Beach, Hollywood, Florida on July 4, 1925","Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926","Portraits, 1925-1926","/repositories/4/archival_objects/12165","box 1","folder 66"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["a9318d72357e231e84b17933","a9318d72357e231e84b17933_aspace_5d8ddf04f2f262af44c7f4b326220a15"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926","Portraits, 1925-1926"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926","Portraits, 1925-1926"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/4/archival_objects/12165"],"repository_ssim":["Broward County Historical Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":70,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The Joseph Mackay Collection is open for research."],"date_range_isim":[1925],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 66"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#2","_nest_parent_":"a9318d72357e231e84b17933_aspace_5d8ddf04f2f262af44c7f4b326220a15","_root_":"a9318d72357e231e84b17933","_version_":1873196200604205056,"timestamp":"2026-08-11T03:31:46.104Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"a9318d72357e231e84b17933","title_filing_ssi":"Mackay, Joseph Collection","title_ssm":["Joseph Mackay Collection"],"title_tesim":["Joseph Mackay Collection"],"ead_ssi":"a9318d72357e231e84b17933","unitdate_ssm":["1925-1926"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1925-1926"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["BCHA.1984.5","/repositories/4/resources/56"],"text":["BCHA.1984.5","/repositories/4/resources/56","Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926","Hollywood (Fla.)","Fort Lauderdale (Fla.)","Dania Beach (Fla.)","Broward County (Fla.)","Hollywood Beach Casino and Pool, 1924-1950s","Hardware stores","Schools","Bridges","Apartment houses","Drugstores","Buildings","Dredges","Swimming pools","The Joseph Mackay Collection is open for research.","The Josesph Mackay Collection is organized into four series: Series I. Dania, Series II. Fort Lauderdale, Series III. Hollywood, and Series IV. Portraits.","The Florida Land Boom of the 1920s, a phenomenon associated with the extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, the rise of motor transportation, the lure of warm weather and oceanside living, and a period of American prosperity and opportunity, contributed to the construction of Broward County's earliest cities of Dania, Hollywood and Fort Lauderdale. Major accumulators of land included Andrew C. Frost, who began a tomato farm and export business in Dania, and J. W. Young, Jr., a real estate developer and business owner, who envisioned and planned the city of Hollywood. Construction of stores, homes, hotels and more brought residents to Broward County. On September 11, 1926, a catastrophic hurricane, known as the Great Miami Hurricane, made landfall and traveled a path of destruction over the course of ten days through Dade and Broward counties. This resulted in an unprecedented loss of lives and property. As a result of the hurricane's impact, 1925 was the final year of the Boom.","The Joseph Mackay Collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection.","The Joseph Mackay Collection contains 76 photographs of Dania, Hollywood, and Fort Lauderdale in Broward County during the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s before the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926."," Broward County Historical Archives","Young, Joseph Wesley, Jr., 1882-1934","English"],"unitid_tesim":["BCHA.1984.5","/repositories/4/resources/56"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1925-1926"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926"],"collection_title_tesim":["Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926"],"collection_ssim":["Joseph Mackay Collection, 1925-1926"],"repository_ssm":["Broward County Historical Archives"],"repository_ssim":["Broward County Historical Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Hollywood (Fla.)","Fort Lauderdale (Fla.)","Dania Beach (Fla.)","Broward County (Fla.)","Hollywood Beach Casino and Pool, 1924-1950s"],"geogname_ssim":["Hollywood (Fla.)","Fort Lauderdale (Fla.)","Dania Beach (Fla.)","Broward County (Fla.)","Hollywood Beach Casino and Pool, 1924-1950s"],"places_ssim":["Hollywood (Fla.)","Fort Lauderdale (Fla.)","Dania Beach (Fla.)","Broward County (Fla.)","Hollywood Beach Casino and Pool, 1924-1950s"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Hardware stores","Schools","Bridges","Apartment houses","Drugstores","Buildings","Dredges","Swimming pools"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Hardware stores","Schools","Bridges","Apartment houses","Drugstores","Buildings","Dredges","Swimming pools"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Hollinger Box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Hollinger Box"],"date_range_isim":[1925,1926],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Joseph Mackay Collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The Joseph Mackay Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Josesph Mackay Collection is organized into four series: Series I. Dania, Series II. Fort Lauderdale, Series III. Hollywood, and Series IV. Portraits.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Josesph Mackay Collection is organized into four series: Series I. Dania, Series II. Fort Lauderdale, Series III. Hollywood, and Series IV. Portraits."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Florida Land Boom of the 1920s, a phenomenon associated with the extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, the rise of motor transportation, the lure of warm weather and oceanside living, and a period of American prosperity and opportunity, contributed to the construction of Broward County's earliest cities of Dania, Hollywood and Fort Lauderdale. Major accumulators of land included Andrew C. Frost, who began a tomato farm and export business in Dania, and J. W. Young, Jr., a real estate developer and business owner, who envisioned and planned the city of Hollywood. Construction of stores, homes, hotels and more brought residents to Broward County. On September 11, 1926, a catastrophic hurricane, known as the Great Miami Hurricane, made landfall and traveled a path of destruction over the course of ten days through Dade and Broward counties. This resulted in an unprecedented loss of lives and property. As a result of the hurricane's impact, 1925 was the final year of the Boom.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Florida Land Boom of the 1920s, a phenomenon associated with the extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, the rise of motor transportation, the lure of warm weather and oceanside living, and a period of American prosperity and opportunity, contributed to the construction of Broward County's earliest cities of Dania, Hollywood and Fort Lauderdale. Major accumulators of land included Andrew C. Frost, who began a tomato farm and export business in Dania, and J. W. Young, Jr., a real estate developer and business owner, who envisioned and planned the city of Hollywood. Construction of stores, homes, hotels and more brought residents to Broward County. On September 11, 1926, a catastrophic hurricane, known as the Great Miami Hurricane, made landfall and traveled a path of destruction over the course of ten days through Dade and Broward counties. This resulted in an unprecedented loss of lives and property. As a result of the hurricane's impact, 1925 was the final year of the Boom."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJoseph Mackay Collection, Broward County Historical Archives, Broward County Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Joseph Mackay Collection, Broward County Historical Archives, Broward County Library."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Joseph Mackay Collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The Joseph Mackay Collection received file level processing. This finding aid may be updated to reflect new descriptions as well as acquisitions to the collection."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Joseph Mackay Collection contains 76 photographs of Dania, Hollywood, and Fort Lauderdale in Broward County during the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s before the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Joseph Mackay Collection contains 76 photographs of Dania, Hollywood, and Fort Lauderdale in Broward County during the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s before the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926."],"names_ssim":[" Broward County Historical Archives","Young, Joseph Wesley, Jr., 1882-1934"],"corpname_ssim":[" Broward County Historical Archives"],"names_coll_ssim":["Young, Joseph Wesley, Jr., 1882-1934"],"persname_ssim":["Young, Joseph Wesley, Jr., 1882-1934"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":80,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1873196200604205056,"_root_":"a9318d72357e231e84b17933","timestamp":"2026-08-11T03:31:46.104Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/a9318d72357e231e84b17933_aspace_11a576fa4da8a55461e53204f33ddcf2"}},{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"Cryptanthus, circa 1871-1974","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_52746","ref_ssm":["aspace_52746","aspace_52746"],"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746","title_filing_ssi":"Cryptanthus","title_ssm":["Cryptanthus"],"title_tesim":["Cryptanthus"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1871-1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["circa 1871-1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cryptanthus, circa 1871-1974"],"text":["Cryptanthus, circa 1871-1974","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Subject Files, 1880-2003.","Folder 8-11","/repositories/4/archival_objects/33173"],"component_level_isim":[2],"parent_ids_ssim":["4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52621"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Subject Files, 1880-2003."],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Subject Files, 1880-2003."],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 8-11","/repositories/4/archival_objects/33173"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":4,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":1333,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\n  Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\n  Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\n"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#50","_nest_parent_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52621","_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection"],"ead_ssi":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","unitdate_ssm":["1754-2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1754-2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"text":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148","Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014","Marineland (Fla.)","Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)","The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"","The collection is divided into eight series by type of file.","Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.","Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.","A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives .","Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.","Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.","UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 068","/repositories/4/resources/148"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1754-2014"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_title_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"collection_ssim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, 1754-2014"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"creators_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A."],"places_ssim":["Marineland (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Some of these materials were donated to and others were purchased by the University of Central Florida Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives from Michael A. Spencer in 2006 (CFM2006_09), 2011 (CFM2011_02), 2012 (CFM2012_10), and 2014 (CFM2014_01)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Botany","Botany -- Brazil","Bromeliaceae","Bromelin","Cooking (Pineapples)","Pineapple","Plant hybridization","botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"extent_tesim":["130 Linear Feet 259 boxes, 2 flat files"],"genreform_ssim":["botanical illustrations","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","slides (photographs)"],"date_range_isim":[1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 180-181: Personal correspondence\u003c/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eBoxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\"\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research except for the following:\n Boxes 180-181: Personal correspondence Boxes 213-214: Manuscript of \"Brazil: Orchid of the Tropics\""],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eight series by type of file.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eight series by type of file."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer was born in Orlando and grew up in Winter Garden, Florida. He worked at Sand Hill Nursery near Lake Avalon and the Land of Bromeliads in Gotha before finding employment with Julian Nally. After the Nally estate was sold, Spencer worked for Racine Foster at Bromel-La. He graduated from UCF in 1990 summa cum laude with a BA in Liberal Studies and then found employment with Lyman B. Smith at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Michael Spencer named a genus of bromeliads \"Racinaea\" in honor of Racine Foster. While engaged in his research, Spencer amassed this collection of materials concerning bromeliads and their collectors. He now lives in Frederick, Maryland where he has served on the Historic Preservation Commission since 2004."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMichael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer Bromeliad Research Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials were rehoused in pH neutral folders and cartons. Photographs, negatives and slides were enclosed in polyester sleeves. Many of the materials were well organized and the arrangement was retained. The remainder were arranged by following the original arrangement as far as possible. Notes on folders were retained in the new folder. Paper clips were replaced with plastic clips or materials that belonged together were held together in a pH neutral paper sleeve. Loose-leaf notebooks that were badly rusted were discarded and the contents placed in folders. Items loose in the back of notebooks were foldered separately and marked accordingly. Notes from a film canister were written exactly as found as the label could not be removed. Albums falling apart were taken apart and foldered. Albums in reasonable condition had the photographs attached properly with corners and the pages interleaved to prevent sticking. Loose album pages in the Foster subseries on Plant Information were merely foldered as they were not in an album and were found without context. Collecion rehoused and finding aid revised by Chynna Thomas in 2023."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library \u003cextref href=\"https://library.ucf.edu\"\u003eOnline Catalog\u003c/extref\u003e. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08c\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08b\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead\u003c/extref\u003e, \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM2006-08a\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.flvc.org/UCF/EAD/CFM1999-03\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Papers\u003c/extref\u003e are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://www.leugardens.org/\"\u003eHarry P. Leu Gardens\u003c/extref\u003e. The \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/4\"\u003eHenry Nehrling Collection\u003c/extref\u003e and the \u003cextref href=\"https://aspace.rollins.edu/repositories/2/resources/97\"\u003eTheodore L. Mead Collection\u003c/extref\u003e are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the \u003cextref href=\"http://siarchives.si.edu/\"\u003eSmithsonian Institution Archives\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["A large book collection accompanies this collection and may be accessed by performing a series search \"Michael A. Spencer Collection\" in the UCF Library  Online Catalog .  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Julian Nally ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Theodore Mead ,  Michael A. Spencer Collection on Henry Nehrling  and the  Henry Nehrling Papers  are also available in Special Collections and University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries. Some paintings by Mulford Foster are held at the  Harry P. Leu Gardens . The  Henry Nehrling Collection  and the  Theodore L. Mead Collection  are held at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida. Lyman Smith's Papers are held at the  Smithsonian Institution Archives ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series I: Mulford and Racine Foster Files, 1910-1991 documents the work of these two individuals in discovering and propagating bromeliads. Correspondence, publications, notebooks, drawings, research materials, memorabilia and photographs show all aspects of their work including plant collecting, landscape designing and publishing. Photographs may be black and white or color prints, negatives or slides. Additional materials about the Fosters may be found in Series II and III.","\nSeries II: Subject Files, 1880-2003 contains catalogues, journals, photographs, memorabilia and correspondence that Michael Spencer brought together under his chosen subject headings and arranged alphabetically. Many of the materials in this series originally came from Mulford and Racine Foster, which means that there is some overlap with the previous series. Spencer's own collecting interest lay in documenting the importance of bromeliads in society, and he collected many common items that showed bromeliads, especially pineapples.","\nSeries III: Author Files, 1754-1997 includes a variety of media used for research, such as articles, books, magazines, newspaper clippings, and photographs. There are a significant number of materials authored by Mulford and Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith, including original manuscripts.","\nSeries IV: Plants by Family Files, 1908-1990 contains alphabetical files on plant families, which include newspaper clippings, books and other research materials.","\nSeries V: Natural History Files, 1853-1997 holds alphabetical files on a wide range of natural history topics including plant societies, authors, drugs and diseases. The files contain published materials, photocopies, web resources, plant and geological samples that document's Michael's Spencer's considerable research interests.","\nSeries VI: Medicinal Files, 1988-1996 contains alphabetical files on diseases and therapies. Not all these files relate to plants though many of them concern natural therapies.","\nSeries VII: Lyman Smith Files: 1905-1994 holds alphabetical files that belonged to Lyman B. Smith. His notebooks, manscripts, teaching materials and correspondence may all be found here.","\nSeries VIII: Personal Files, 1863-2014 contains alphabetical files showing Spencer's interest in collecting books and his wide interests. Materials that do not clearly belong in the other series may be found here."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Statement"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission to publish, quote, or reproduce must be secured from the repository, donor and the copyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8e33310d6b1a70e4d88f1e2d3043cf71\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMichael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Michael A. Spencer assembled this collection of publications, photographs, drawings, correspondence programs and other materials focusing on the discovery, taxonomy and cultivation of bromeliads. Mulford B. Foster, Racine Foster and Lyman B. Smith are among the significant bromeliad collectors whose work is documented here."],"names_coll_ssim":["Bromeliad Society","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society","Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Bromeliad Society"],"persname_ssim":["Spencer, Michael A.","Smith, Lyman B.","Foster, Mulford B. (Mulford Bateman), 1888-1978","Foster, Racine, 1910-1991"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3662,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2","timestamp":"2026-07-11T02:53:59.490Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/4674dbbf638dff3316591cb2_aspace_52746"}},{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cuba (1 of 2), 1920-1980, Undated","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","ref_ssm":["aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028"],"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028","title_filing_ssi":"Cuba (1 of 2)","title_ssm":["Cuba (1 of 2)"],"title_tesim":["Cuba (1 of 2)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1920-1980, Undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1920-1980, Undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuba (1 of 2), 1920-1980, Undated"],"text":["Cuba (1 of 2), 1920-1980, Undated","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Folder 20","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54115","box 19","folder 20"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_7c7243b4d414f992a8def17111639498","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 20","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54115"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":236,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"containers_ssim":["box 19","folder 20"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#0/components#2","_nest_parent_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515","_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","_version_":1870857755411087360,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"ead_ssi":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","unitdate_ssm":["1887-2013"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1887-2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"text":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs","Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","The entire collection is open for research.","José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.","Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.","Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.","This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.","The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.","UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1887-2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"geogname_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"creator_ssm":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creators_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"places_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated by Carlos Guerra, José Guerra Alemán's son, to the University of Central Florida Libraries in 2014. (CFM2014_07)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"extent_tesim":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"genreform_ssim":["correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"date_range_isim":[1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n was born to Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra and Herminia Alem\u0026#xE1;n-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pep\u0026#xED;n. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pep\u0026#xED;n. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ej\u0026#xE9;rcito) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 Divisi\u0026#xF3;n de Infanter\u0026#xED;a) called Divisi\u0026#xF3;n Rel\u0026#xE1;mpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOnce he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of \u0026#xC9;l Pa\u0026#xED;s, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne of those encounters, Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with Jos\u0026#xE9; Garc\u0026#xED;a and Eduardo Hern\u0026#xE1;ndez (Guayo) in the same company. Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote A\u0026#xFA;n Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayor\u0026#xED;as Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (D\u0026#xED;alogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biograf\u0026#xED;a de su Abuelo el General Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Alem\u0026#xE1;n). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's identity. Jose Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, Jos\u0026#xE9; Manuel Alem\u0026#xE1;n, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ram\u0026#xF3;n Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Aut\u0026#xE9;ntico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alem\u0026#xE1;n. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBooks collected by Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n can be found by performing a series search for \"Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was arranged in seven series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alem\u0026#xE1;n took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alem\u0026#xE1;n used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of Jos\u0026#xE9; G. Alem\u0026#xE1;n and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e4d41ff341ce7470c0d40282c3f71dd8\"\u003eThe collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita."],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":282,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857755411087360,"_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_07c412302c21ae6abf2cf3b2afdb5028"}},{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cuba (2 of 2), 1900's-1990, Undated","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","ref_ssm":["aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8"],"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8","title_filing_ssi":"Cuba (2 of 2)","title_ssm":["Cuba (2 of 2)"],"title_tesim":["Cuba (2 of 2)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1900's-1990, Undated"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1900's-1990, Undated"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuba (2 of 2), 1900's-1990, Undated"],"text":["Cuba (2 of 2), 1900's-1990, Undated","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Folder 21","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54116","box 19","folder 21"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_7c7243b4d414f992a8def17111639498","725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000","Photographs, Circa 1900-Circa 2000"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Series","Subseries"],"unitid_ssm":["Folder 21","/repositories/4/archival_objects/54116"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":237,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The entire collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"date_range_isim":[1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990],"containers_ssim":["box 19","folder 21"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#0/components#3","_nest_parent_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_be69d6b0e10bb11fc945713384dde515","_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","_version_":1870857755411087360,"timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection"],"ead_ssi":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","unitdate_ssm":["1887-2013"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1887-2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"text":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204","José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013","Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs","Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints","The entire collection is open for research.","José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.","Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.","Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.","This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"","Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.","The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.","UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC.098","/repositories/4/resources/204"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1887-2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_title_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"collection_ssim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, 1887-2013"],"repository_ssm":["UCF Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"geogname_ssm":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"geogname_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"creator_ssm":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"creators_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"places_ssim":["Cuba","Cuba -- History -- Revolution","Cuba -- Social life and customs"],"access_terms_ssm":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated by Carlos Guerra, José Guerra Alemán's son, to the University of Central Florida Libraries in 2014. (CFM2014_07)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cuba -- History -- Description and Travel","Cuba -- History -- Pictorial works","correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"extent_tesim":["17.5 Linear Feet 20 boxes, 1 Flat File"],"genreform_ssim":["correspondence","newspaper clippings","manuscripts (documents)","negatives (photographs)","Photographic prints"],"date_range_isim":[1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe entire collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The entire collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n was born to Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra and Herminia Alem\u0026#xE1;n-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pep\u0026#xED;n. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pep\u0026#xED;n. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ej\u0026#xE9;rcito) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 Divisi\u0026#xF3;n de Infanter\u0026#xED;a) called Divisi\u0026#xF3;n Rel\u0026#xE1;mpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOnce he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of \u0026#xC9;l Pa\u0026#xED;s, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOne of those encounters, Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with Jos\u0026#xE9; Garc\u0026#xED;a and Eduardo Hern\u0026#xE1;ndez (Guayo) in the same company. Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote A\u0026#xFA;n Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayor\u0026#xED;as Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (D\u0026#xED;alogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biograf\u0026#xED;a de su Abuelo el General Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Alem\u0026#xE1;n). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's identity. Jose Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named Jos\u0026#xE9; Braulio Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, Jos\u0026#xE9; Manuel Alem\u0026#xE1;n, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ram\u0026#xF3;n Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Aut\u0026#xE9;ntico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHe rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alem\u0026#xE1;n. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán was born to José Guerra and Herminia Alemán-Valdes on November 20, 1922 in Cuba. He referred to alternative names such as José Guerra Alemán, his initials J.G.A. and his nickname Pepín. Many of his closest friends and family called him as Pepín. His family contained of six members that included his three siblings, Maria Vicenta Guerra, Rafael Luis Guerra, and an eldest brother who his name is unknown. His brother, Rafael L. Guerra was born on November 20, 1926 in Habana, Cuba and died on October 2, 1998 in Miami, Florida. His sister, Maria, was born on June 19, 1924 in Habana, Cuba. A year after her brother's death, she died on February 27, 1999 in Miami, Florida. In her later years, she was a homemaker and she never married.","In his early years, he enrolled in the United States military at the age of 20 in 1942. He participated in the 8th Army (Octavo Ejército) of EE.UU. (United States). He covered the campaign of the Pacific as the 35th Division of Infantry (35 División de Infantería) called División Relámpago (Lightning Division). He finished training in the military at Fort Dix, Burlington County, New Jersey in the Delaware River region on October of 1946.","Once he finished his service, he returned to Cuba and founded a company called CINEPERIODICO in 1947. His motivation of starting this company began from his interest in journalism. At the age of 16, he delved into both journalism and short films/news films. He was one of the editors of Él País, La Habana. These experiences guided him to globally make notorious documentaries and cinematography of actual events and issues. He traveled around the globe. For instance, he registered for a temporary immigration card to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1959 as a journalist. As a result for his traveling, he encountered prominent leaders of various movements.","One of those encounters, José Guerra Alemán climbed the Mountains of Sierra Maestra, in the province of East of the Island of Cuba to interview Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Under the agency of his company, CINEPERIODICO, he personally knew these men and those who were a part of the guerillas during the Cuban Revolution. In 1950, he worked with José García and Eduardo Hernández (Guayo) in the same company. José Guerra Alemán directed films such as Sangre Y Esperanza: La Cuba de Hoy (Blood and Hope: the Cuba of Today and El Gran Recuento (The Great Story). He also took the position as the Senior Vice President of Guastella Film Producers Inc., an advertising firm in Puerto Rico, where he did similar works until he retired in 1990. This included the creation of historical documentary films.","With his interest in Cuba's history and living at a time of historical changes in Cuba, he wrote extensive materials along those themes. He wrote Aún Hay Luna En Los Cerros, Ensayos (Las Mayorías Discriminadas): En Defensa de la Mujer, Barro y Cenizas (Díalogos con Fidel Castro y el Che Guevara), and Juro Pero No Prometo (Biografía de su Abuelo el General José Braulio Alemán). His major work composes four volumes of encyclopedias called Cuba Infinita. Each book contains specific chronological decades and starts from 1855, when the first photographs of the city were available by American artist Fredericks De Forest, to 1958, when the Republic collapsed. The volumes includes more than a thousand selected photos of the history of Cuba, from colonial times to the Spanish American War. The reader walks through time and gets to see the transformation of Cuba. He included photographs received by family, friends, colleagues and what he collected from his travels. He also was inspired and guided from the work called La Enciclopedia de Cuba.","Understanding where his family came from and knowing the other members of his family tree can provide a part of José Guerra Alemán's identity. Jose Guerra Alemán's maternal bloodline had a huge role in the movement toward Cuba's independence against colonialism and imperialism. His grandfather named José Braulio Guerra Alemán fought in the Spanish-American War as a Cuban Brigadier General and was the principal author to the Constitution of Cuba proclaimed at Yara in 1896. He worked as a lawyer, newspaper owner, advocate of the liberation of Cuba, senator and governor for the province of Las Villas, minister of Education and ambassador to Mexico. His half uncle, José Manuel Alemán, served in the Cuban government as Minister of Education during the presidency of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin, president of the Authentic Party (Partido Auténtico) in La Habana, and Senator of the Republic. His family went through three generations of leaders and fighters for Cuban independence through revolutions or preserving its history and culture.","He rested on February 22, 2013 in Miami, Florida. He survived his wife named Lidia Llano who he married on September 22, 1945 and left a son named Carlos Guerra Llano. He left a mark of what he had done, significant work in Cuba's history. However, he has not been given as much attention as he deserves in any setting, especially in academia. It is the many aspects of unknown history and researching the people from below like Alemán. He was a Cuban, veteran, journalist, nontraditional historian, and founder of a journalist business."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["José Guerra Alemán Collection, Special Collections and UniversityArchives, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Materials are housed in acid free folders and boxes; photographs and negatives were placed in clear sleeves; publications removed from the collection and cataloged separately."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBooks collected by Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n can be found by performing a series search for \"Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Books collected by José Guerra Alemán can be found by performing a series search for \"José Guerra Alemán Collection\" in the UCF Libraries catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was arranged in seven series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alem\u0026#xE1;n took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alem\u0026#xE1;n used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of Jos\u0026#xE9; G. Alem\u0026#xE1;n and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection was arranged in seven series:","\nSeries I. Manuscripts, 1915-2013, Undated, includes notes that Alemán took on varieties of subjects. His interests ranged from the origin of words and meaning of phrases to his summaries and interpretations of authors' works.","\nSeries II: Research Files, 1898-2012, Undated, holds a combination of newspapers, images, and works of others where Alemán used for the publication of Cuba Infinita and his work on Cuban and Latin American history, involving their relations to other countries.","\nSeries III: Publications, 1987-2008, Undated, contains his writings that has drafts of his published work, his articles from newspapers, and promotional materials advertising his works.","\nSeries IV: Personal Files, 1887-2011, Undated, provides letters between Aleman and his family members and between Aleman and business workers. They share insight of Aleman's genealogy and Aleman's work ethic. Series also includes various maps and postcards. ","\nSeries V: Visual Materials, Circa 1900-Circa 2000, Undated, includes photographs and negatives of José G. Alemán and his relatives; overseas trips as a Journalist; and images of Cuba, cubans, and public buildings. Series also includes a CD of \"Fidel Castro: La Historia Lo Absolvera\" and another CD contains a song from Marisela Verena \"Mi Pinar del Rio\".","\nSeries VI: Memorabilia, 1926-1977, Undated, comprises hats from different places that Aleman travelled, identification cards, and a lottery ticket from Republic of Cuba, 1949.","\nSeries VII: Oversize Materials, 1958-2008, Undated, includes large maps of various countries, posters, a proof sheet for Cuba Infinita, and a game card \"La Charada Cubana.\""],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Unpublished manuscripts are protected by copyright. Permission topublish, quote or reproduce must be secured from the repository and thecopyright holder."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e4d41ff341ce7470c0d40282c3f71dd8\"\u003eThe collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist Jos\u0026#xE9; Guerra Alem\u0026#xE1;n. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection is filled with Cuban history and researched materials on society's past was created by Cuban and American journalist José Guerra Alemán. The materials range from photographs of his travels to cultural sites and countries to personal notes on literature of other scholars' works and his published books. He is most notable of his published four-volume encyclopedia on Cuban history called Cuba Infinita."],"names_ssim":["UCF Special Collections","Guerra Alemán, José"],"corpname_ssim":["UCF Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Guerra Alemán, José"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":282,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870857755411087360,"_root_":"725898a1a41349eb30ec365d","timestamp":"2026-07-16T08:03:10.972Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/725898a1a41349eb30ec365d_aspace_b1a2471c7679c48a9ed01517504496d8"}},{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eLa colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","title_ssm":["Cuban Archives"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Archives"],"ead_ssi":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","unitdate_ssm":["1786-1989","1960-1975"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1975"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1786-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"text":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114","Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials","La colección incluye periódicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Américas. La mayor parte de la colección se centra en los exiliados cubanos del regimen de Fidel Castro, y se incluyen noticias internacionales sobre el comunismo. Adicionalmente, la colección incluye documentos del Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil en México y su organizaciones aliadas, con documentos personales de líderes de la DRE como Ángel Fernández González. La mayor parte de los ducumentos incluídos en la colleccion estan en español.","The collection includes newspapers, correspondences, official documents, and personal papers of the effects of Communism particularly in the Americas. Majority of the collection focuses on Cuban exiles, with international news regarding Communism being included. Additionally, the collection includes documents from the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil in Mexico and allied organizations, with personal documents from leaders of the DRE such as Angel Fernandez Gonzalez. The majority of the document in the collection is in Spanish.","Rights: In copyright. Standardized rights statement: https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. Patrons are responsible for determining the proper copyright holder and securing permission to publish, quote, broadcast, exhibit, or perform that work. FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"unitid_tesim":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. 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FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["8 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into three Series: \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into three Series: ","Series I: Published Materials\nSeries II: Visual/Audio Materials\nSeries III: Oversized Materials"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLa colecci\u0026#xF3;n incluye peri\u0026#xF3;dicos, correspondencia, documentos oficiales y papeles personales sobre el comunismo, con un enfoque en las Am\u0026#xE9;ricas. 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FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general","FIU Special Collections","La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"unitid_tesim":["SPC2000","/repositories/2/resources/114"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"collection_ssim":["Cuban Archives, 1786-1989, bulk 1960-1975"],"repository_ssm":["FIU Special Collections"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["Rights: In copyright. 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FIU Special Collections will provide all available information about the copyright holder of materials found in our collections.","For more information please visit: https://library.fiu.edu/find/copyright/general"],"names_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"language_ssim":["La gran mayoría de esta colección está en español, con solo unos artículos en inglés, portugués brasileño o alemán.\n\nThe vast majority of this collection is in Spanish, with only a few items in either English, Brazilian Portuguese, or German."],"total_component_count_is":369,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_version_":1870844454512885760,"_root_":"9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8","timestamp":"2026-07-16T04:31:46.251Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/9538d40a3a2552d60fae89b8"}},{"id":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Cuban Currency (6 items), 1896-1960","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"ref_ssi":"aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","ref_ssm":["aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea"],"id":"f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_ec0ae51bd8971f5fc0ecced8857dedea","title_filing_ssi":"Cuban Currency (6 items)","title_ssm":["Cuban Currency (6 items)"],"title_tesim":["Cuban Currency (6 items)"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896-1960"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1896-1960"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuban Currency (6 items), 1896-1960"],"text":["Cuban Currency (6 items), 1896-1960","Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown","Box 1","Currency \u0026 Shares","/repositories/2/archival_objects/76891","box 1","folder 41"],"component_level_isim":[3],"parent_ids_ssim":["f28075319707fab1b45565f1","f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_73414","f28075319707fab1b45565f1_aspace_755ffb26071b82a6cd188c860f4bc667"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown","Box 1","Currency \u0026 Shares"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown","Box 1","Currency \u0026 Shares"],"parent_levels_ssm":["collection","Other level","Series"],"unitid_ssm":["/repositories/2/archival_objects/76891"],"repository_ssim":["FIU Special Collections"],"collection_ssim":["Elena Kurstin Cuban Memorabilia Collection, date unknown"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":45,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Rights: Copyright undetermined. http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/UND/1.0/","Special Collections \u0026 University Archives provides copies of materials in our collections for private study, scholarship, or research. 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