{"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--Civil+rights","last":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--Civil+rights\u0026page=1"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":6,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"fda360583e7f147534b3e42f","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Clarence J. 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He recalls hearing about Pearl Harbor and discusses the time preceding his service. Inniss entered the war on June 7, 1943. He was inducted at Camp Livingston, Indiana, and was assigned to Francis E. Warren Army Air Force Base in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The army assigned him to a laundry company, and they arrived at Portsmouth, England May 1944. He later became the stationary fireman of the boiler. He was then a technician 5th grade. Inniss participated in D-Day and was attached to General Patton as he moved across Europe. He discusses his experiences serving under various generals and racial tensions within the army. Inniss was honorably discharged on November 26, 1945, at the Camp Shelby, Mississippi, separation center. Following the war, Inniss married Irma Josephine Melancon Inniss, and they had six children. Irma passed away in 2007 in Covington, LA. 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Inniss papers, 1941-1945, Date acquired: 08/07/2000, Date accessioned: 2020-04-02","Camp Shelby (Miss.)","Portsmouth (England)","African American men","African Americans","African American veterans--Biography","African American soldiers--Biography","World War, 1939-1945--African Americans","United States--Armed Forces--African Americans--History--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--France--Normandy","This collection is open to all researchers.","Clarence Inniss was born April 12, 1924, in New Orleans, Lousiana. He recalls hearing about Pearl Harbor and discusses the time preceding his service. Inniss entered the war on June 7, 1943. He was inducted at Camp Livingston, Indiana, and was assigned to Francis E. Warren Army Air Force Base in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The army assigned him to a laundry company, and they arrived at Portsmouth, England May 1944. He later became the stationary fireman of the boiler. He was then a technician 5th grade. 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He grew up on his family farm in Lloyd, Florida. He initially did not want to join the army but was drafted November 26, 1941. He moved around camps in Florida but was ultimately stationed in Karachi, India (now Pakistan). A member of the C Company in the 823rd Air Aviation Engineers, Barrington was assigned to work on the Ledo Road under General Stilwell in December 1942.","During his service, Barrington battled malaria eleven times; one instance left him in a coma for nine days. He mentions a white nurse who took care of him during his time in the hospital. General Mountbatten of Great Britain declared during this time that separate camps for black and white soldiers would no longer be tolerated. Black soldiers began to riot but General Stilwell threatened to shoot those who participated. In Barrington's company, the only black officer was a chaplain, and he references this as the cause of mistreatment of black troops. Barrington notes that as he traveled, he became more aware of racial injustice. Each country he visited was more liberal and tolerant than the United States and upon being sent home, he was disappointed by the continuing racial tensions in the U.S. After leaving India, Barrington spent some time in Oklahoma at Will Roger's Field until he was discharged in 1945.  He moved to Tallahassee where he worked with C.K. Steele, M.C. Williams, and other notable Civil Rights leaders during the Tallahassee Bus Boycott. Barrington had difficulties finding a job back in Tallahassee. He cites discrimination against African Americans as the reason he did not want to join the Army.","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Processed September 20, 2018","This oral history interview transcript relates to Eddie Barrington who served with C Company in the 823rd Air Aviation Engineers. 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He cites discrimination against African Americans as the reason he did not want to join the Army."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTransferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives in July 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Eddie Barrington transcript, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. \u003cextref href=\"http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_04_0154\"\u003ehttp://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_04_0154\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], [Box and Folder number], Eddie Barrington transcript, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida.  http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/WWII_04_0154 ."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed September 20, 2018\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed September 20, 2018"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis oral history interview transcript relates to Eddie Barrington who served with C Company in the 823rd Air Aviation Engineers. 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The recording includes portions of the interview that are not transcribed."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army Air Forces. Engineer Aviation Battalion","Mountbatten of Burma, Louis Mountbatten, Earl, 1900-1979","Stilwell, Joseph W., 1883-1946"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","United States. Army Air Forces. Engineer Aviation Battalion","Barrington, Eddie","Mountbatten of Burma, Louis Mountbatten, Earl, 1900-1979","Stilwell, Joseph W., 1883-1946"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","United States. Army Air Forces. 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The recording includes portions of the interview that are not transcribed."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army Air Forces. Engineer Aviation Battalion","Mountbatten of Burma, Louis Mountbatten, Earl, 1900-1979","Stilwell, Joseph W., 1883-1946"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","United States. Army Air Forces. Engineer Aviation Battalion","Barrington, Eddie","Mountbatten of Burma, Louis Mountbatten, Earl, 1900-1979","Stilwell, Joseph W., 1883-1946"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","United States. Army Air Forces. 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The collection consists of letters, photographs (depicting herself and her fellow nurses in uniform, as well as African American G.I.s, and a few photographs from her time in West Africa), personal items, books, manuscripts, newspaper clippings, and interviews. The materials mainly document Bertram's time at Fort Bragg, NC, but there is some information concerning her life before enlistment, travels during enlistment, and life after enlistment. Most of her enlistment was spent in West Africa and at Fort Bragg, NC. This collection is important, as it covers the unique experiences of women and African Americans during World War II, and offers insight that differs from the majority white male G.I. perspective. 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Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation."],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4","title_ssm":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection"],"title_tesim":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection"],"ead_ssi":"601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4","unitdate_ssm":["1957, 1973, 1978","1978","Date acquired: December 1, 1978"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1978"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1957, 1973, 1978","Date acquired: December 1, 1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 1990-001","/repositories/10/resources/1319"],"text":["MSS 1990-001","/repositories/10/resources/1319","Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978","Alachua County (Fla.)","White Citizens Council (Leon County, Fla.)","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil Rights Demonstrations--Florida--Tallahassee","Civil Rights Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","Demonstrations United States","Protest Movements--Florida--Tallahassee.","Race Relations--Florida--Tallahassee","Student Movements--Civil Rights--History--20th Century","Student Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","United States--Race relations","Interviews.","Civil rights.","Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs","Except where otherwise noted, this collection is open for all researchers.","Box 1-3 may be accessed by researchers upon request at the Special Collections Research Center.","Contents of Box 4-6 are restricted. Access requests will be reviewed by curators in conideration of preservation concerns and interviewee-imposed restrictions.  Contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information about access to these materials.","See also Technical Requirements note below.","Recordings and transcripts are arranged alphabetically by interviewee.","Jackson Lee Ice was born in 1925 in Buffalo, NY. He received his B.A. degree from the University of Pittsburgh and his M. Div. from Colgate-Rochester Divinity School. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1955. That same year, Ice became a faculty member in the Florida State University (FSU) Department of Philosophy. As a professor of religion, Ice was interested in the philosophy of religion, contemporary religious thought, and the relationship between religion and art and religion and science. In 1974, he became full professor, serving in that rank until his death in 1991. At the time of his death, Ice was working on a manuscript for a book,  Albert Schweitzer: Sketches for a Portrait.  It was published by University Press of America in 1994. John Carey, former Chairman of FSU's Department of Religion, described Ice as \"one of America's premier Schweitzer scholars.\"\n The Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement oral history project, conducted in the summer of 1978, was a natural outgrowth of Dr. Ice's involvement in Tallahassee civil rights activities during the late 1950s and 1960s. Ice arrived in Tallahassee in 1955, nine months before the bus boycott. He was a witness to and a participant in the civil rights activities and social changes that affected Tallahassee during those years. When he arrived, he joined the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations, the city's first integrated civic organization. Many members of the Council were FSU and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) professors. Ice became its president in 1961-1962. During that time he came under heavy criticism from local political figures for his statements supporting the rights of African-Americans to demonstrate and perform civil disobedience for their cause. Ice was almost fired from his FSU teaching position. It was because of his work with the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations that he became acquainted with many local African-American leaders and participants and familiar with the issues and problems they faced.\n Through this experience, Ice became convinced of the importance of the activities of the Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement in our nation's history. Primarily, he wanted to record these events, as told by individuals who witnessed them, before they faded from memory. He also wanted to enlighten his students about what took place during this era of racial tension, courage, and sacrifice and the role that Tallahassee played nationally in the civil rights struggle. He also became involved in this project in the late 1970s because he felt it was significant for people to know that there was progress made in civil rights and race relations since the early 1960s.\n Working for the FSU Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion with funding supplied by a Rockefeller Foundation grant, Ice taped a series of interviews with people who were residents of Tallahassee during that era. He selected a representative sample of civil rights advocates and their opponents.","The oral history interviews were originally recorded in the summer of 1978, by Dr. Ice, on audiocassettes. Typed transcripts of the tapes were prepared in 1982 at Florida State University. Dr. John Carey of the FSU Department of Religion supervised the typing and editing of the tapes.","User copies of the recorded interviews are available on compact disks.","Content of audiocassettes and digital disks may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026 Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu.","Processed by Special Collections staff in January 1990. Partially funded by a National Historical and Publications Records Commission grant, the finding aid was updated, the audiocassettes were reformatted to CD-R media by the Digital Media Center from February-April 2003, and several tapes were restored and reformatted to CD-R by conservator Richard Hess of Vignettes Media in July 2004.","Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Topics include the Tallahassee Bus Boycott of 1956, lunch counter sit-ins, theatre demonstrations, school desegregation, voter registration, and race relations.\n Also includes recordings and transcripts of a 1978 speech by C.K. Steele to FSU students, as well as audio of a 1957 speech made by LeRoy Collins to the Presbyterian Men's Convention in Miami, to which Collins refers during his 1978 interview.","Select materials from this collection are available online through  FSU Digital Library .","Works in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders.","Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance","Ice, Jackson Lee","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 1990-001","/repositories/10/resources/1319"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"collection_ssim":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Alachua County (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Alachua County (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"creator_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"creators_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"places_ssim":["Alachua County (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Works in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Given by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice in December 1978."],"access_subjects_ssim":["White Citizens Council (Leon County, Fla.)","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil Rights Demonstrations--Florida--Tallahassee","Civil Rights Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","Demonstrations United States","Protest Movements--Florida--Tallahassee.","Race Relations--Florida--Tallahassee","Student Movements--Civil Rights--History--20th Century","Student Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","United States--Race relations","Interviews.","Civil rights.","Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["White Citizens Council (Leon County, Fla.)","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil Rights Demonstrations--Florida--Tallahassee","Civil Rights Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","Demonstrations United States","Protest Movements--Florida--Tallahassee.","Race Relations--Florida--Tallahassee","Student Movements--Civil Rights--History--20th Century","Student Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","United States--Race relations","Interviews.","Civil rights.","Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.50 Linear Feet 6 boxes","1.25 Linear Feet 3 boxes","34 items 1 box","32 Cassettes 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.50 Linear Feet 6 boxes","1.25 Linear Feet 3 boxes","34 items 1 box","32 Cassettes 2 boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["total collection extent","paper documents","optical discs - digital audio","audiocassettes"],"genreform_ssim":["Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eExcept where otherwise noted, this collection is open for all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBox 1-3 may be accessed by researchers upon request at the Special Collections Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eContents of Box 4-6 are restricted. Access requests will be reviewed by curators in conideration of preservation concerns and interviewee-imposed restrictions.  Contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information about access to these materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also Technical Requirements note below.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Except where otherwise noted, this collection is open for all researchers.","Box 1-3 may be accessed by researchers upon request at the Special Collections Research Center.","Contents of Box 4-6 are restricted. Access requests will be reviewed by curators in conideration of preservation concerns and interviewee-imposed restrictions.  Contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information about access to these materials.","See also Technical Requirements note below."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecordings and transcripts are arranged alphabetically by interviewee.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Recordings and transcripts are arranged alphabetically by interviewee."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJackson Lee Ice was born in 1925 in Buffalo, NY. He received his B.A. degree from the University of Pittsburgh and his M. Div. from Colgate-Rochester Divinity School. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1955. That same year, Ice became a faculty member in the Florida State University (FSU) Department of Philosophy. As a professor of religion, Ice was interested in the philosophy of religion, contemporary religious thought, and the relationship between religion and art and religion and science. In 1974, he became full professor, serving in that rank until his death in 1991. At the time of his death, Ice was working on a manuscript for a book, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAlbert Schweitzer: Sketches for a Portrait.\u003c/emph\u003e It was published by University Press of America in 1994. John Carey, former Chairman of FSU's Department of Religion, described Ice as \"one of America's premier Schweitzer scholars.\"\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement oral history project, conducted in the summer of 1978, was a natural outgrowth of Dr. Ice's involvement in Tallahassee civil rights activities during the late 1950s and 1960s. Ice arrived in Tallahassee in 1955, nine months before the bus boycott. He was a witness to and a participant in the civil rights activities and social changes that affected Tallahassee during those years. When he arrived, he joined the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations, the city's first integrated civic organization. Many members of the Council were FSU and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) professors. Ice became its president in 1961-1962. During that time he came under heavy criticism from local political figures for his statements supporting the rights of African-Americans to demonstrate and perform civil disobedience for their cause. Ice was almost fired from his FSU teaching position. It was because of his work with the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations that he became acquainted with many local African-American leaders and participants and familiar with the issues and problems they faced.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThrough this experience, Ice became convinced of the importance of the activities of the Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement in our nation's history. Primarily, he wanted to record these events, as told by individuals who witnessed them, before they faded from memory. He also wanted to enlighten his students about what took place during this era of racial tension, courage, and sacrifice and the role that Tallahassee played nationally in the civil rights struggle. He also became involved in this project in the late 1970s because he felt it was significant for people to know that there was progress made in civil rights and race relations since the early 1960s.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWorking for the FSU Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion with funding supplied by a Rockefeller Foundation grant, Ice taped a series of interviews with people who were residents of Tallahassee during that era. He selected a representative sample of civil rights advocates and their opponents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jackson Lee Ice was born in 1925 in Buffalo, NY. He received his B.A. degree from the University of Pittsburgh and his M. Div. from Colgate-Rochester Divinity School. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1955. That same year, Ice became a faculty member in the Florida State University (FSU) Department of Philosophy. As a professor of religion, Ice was interested in the philosophy of religion, contemporary religious thought, and the relationship between religion and art and religion and science. In 1974, he became full professor, serving in that rank until his death in 1991. At the time of his death, Ice was working on a manuscript for a book,  Albert Schweitzer: Sketches for a Portrait.  It was published by University Press of America in 1994. John Carey, former Chairman of FSU's Department of Religion, described Ice as \"one of America's premier Schweitzer scholars.\"\n The Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement oral history project, conducted in the summer of 1978, was a natural outgrowth of Dr. Ice's involvement in Tallahassee civil rights activities during the late 1950s and 1960s. Ice arrived in Tallahassee in 1955, nine months before the bus boycott. He was a witness to and a participant in the civil rights activities and social changes that affected Tallahassee during those years. When he arrived, he joined the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations, the city's first integrated civic organization. Many members of the Council were FSU and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) professors. Ice became its president in 1961-1962. During that time he came under heavy criticism from local political figures for his statements supporting the rights of African-Americans to demonstrate and perform civil disobedience for their cause. Ice was almost fired from his FSU teaching position. It was because of his work with the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations that he became acquainted with many local African-American leaders and participants and familiar with the issues and problems they faced.\n Through this experience, Ice became convinced of the importance of the activities of the Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement in our nation's history. Primarily, he wanted to record these events, as told by individuals who witnessed them, before they faded from memory. He also wanted to enlighten his students about what took place during this era of racial tension, courage, and sacrifice and the role that Tallahassee played nationally in the civil rights struggle. He also became involved in this project in the late 1970s because he felt it was significant for people to know that there was progress made in civil rights and race relations since the early 1960s.\n Working for the FSU Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion with funding supplied by a Rockefeller Foundation grant, Ice taped a series of interviews with people who were residents of Tallahassee during that era. He selected a representative sample of civil rights advocates and their opponents."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe oral history interviews were originally recorded in the summer of 1978, by Dr. Ice, on audiocassettes. Typed transcripts of the tapes were prepared in 1982 at Florida State University. Dr. John Carey of the FSU Department of Religion supervised the typing and editing of the tapes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The oral history interviews were originally recorded in the summer of 1978, by Dr. Ice, on audiocassettes. Typed transcripts of the tapes were prepared in 1982 at Florida State University. Dr. John Carey of the FSU Department of Religion supervised the typing and editing of the tapes."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUser copies of the recorded interviews are available on compact disks.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["User copies of the recorded interviews are available on compact disks."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent of audiocassettes and digital disks may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["Content of audiocassettes and digital disks may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026 Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, MSS 1990-001, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1990-001\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, MSS 1990-001, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1990-001"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections staff in January 1990. Partially funded by a National Historical and Publications Records Commission grant, the finding aid was updated, the audiocassettes were reformatted to CD-R media by the Digital Media Center from February-April 2003, and several tapes were restored and reformatted to CD-R by conservator Richard Hess of Vignettes Media in July 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections staff in January 1990. Partially funded by a National Historical and Publications Records Commission grant, the finding aid was updated, the audiocassettes were reformatted to CD-R media by the Digital Media Center from February-April 2003, and several tapes were restored and reformatted to CD-R by conservator Richard Hess of Vignettes Media in July 2004."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Topics include the Tallahassee Bus Boycott of 1956, lunch counter sit-ins, theatre demonstrations, school desegregation, voter registration, and race relations.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAlso includes recordings and transcripts of a 1978 speech by C.K. Steele to FSU students, as well as audio of a 1957 speech made by LeRoy Collins to the Presbyterian Men's Convention in Miami, to which Collins refers during his 1978 interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSelect materials from this collection are available online through \u003cextref href=\"https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:tallycivilrightsoralhistories\"\u003eFSU Digital Library\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Online Copies Available"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Topics include the Tallahassee Bus Boycott of 1956, lunch counter sit-ins, theatre demonstrations, school desegregation, voter registration, and race relations.\n Also includes recordings and transcripts of a 1978 speech by C.K. Steele to FSU students, as well as audio of a 1957 speech made by LeRoy Collins to the Presbyterian Men's Convention in Miami, to which Collins refers during his 1978 interview.","Select materials from this collection are available online through  FSU Digital Library ."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWorks in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Works in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ec8ae3407a5dc774646a3473a8bc597b\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eSound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation."],"names_coll_ssim":["Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance","Ice, Jackson Lee","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance"],"persname_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":73,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4","timestamp":"2026-04-21T04:48:13.260Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4","title_ssm":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection"],"title_tesim":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection"],"ead_ssi":"601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4","unitdate_ssm":["1957, 1973, 1978","1978","Date acquired: December 1, 1978"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1978"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1957, 1973, 1978","Date acquired: December 1, 1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 1990-001","/repositories/10/resources/1319"],"text":["MSS 1990-001","/repositories/10/resources/1319","Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978","Alachua County (Fla.)","White Citizens Council (Leon County, Fla.)","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil Rights Demonstrations--Florida--Tallahassee","Civil Rights Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","Demonstrations United States","Protest Movements--Florida--Tallahassee.","Race Relations--Florida--Tallahassee","Student Movements--Civil Rights--History--20th Century","Student Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","United States--Race relations","Interviews.","Civil rights.","Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs","Except where otherwise noted, this collection is open for all researchers.","Box 1-3 may be accessed by researchers upon request at the Special Collections Research Center.","Contents of Box 4-6 are restricted. Access requests will be reviewed by curators in conideration of preservation concerns and interviewee-imposed restrictions.  Contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information about access to these materials.","See also Technical Requirements note below.","Recordings and transcripts are arranged alphabetically by interviewee.","Jackson Lee Ice was born in 1925 in Buffalo, NY. He received his B.A. degree from the University of Pittsburgh and his M. Div. from Colgate-Rochester Divinity School. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1955. That same year, Ice became a faculty member in the Florida State University (FSU) Department of Philosophy. As a professor of religion, Ice was interested in the philosophy of religion, contemporary religious thought, and the relationship between religion and art and religion and science. In 1974, he became full professor, serving in that rank until his death in 1991. At the time of his death, Ice was working on a manuscript for a book,  Albert Schweitzer: Sketches for a Portrait.  It was published by University Press of America in 1994. John Carey, former Chairman of FSU's Department of Religion, described Ice as \"one of America's premier Schweitzer scholars.\"\n The Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement oral history project, conducted in the summer of 1978, was a natural outgrowth of Dr. Ice's involvement in Tallahassee civil rights activities during the late 1950s and 1960s. Ice arrived in Tallahassee in 1955, nine months before the bus boycott. He was a witness to and a participant in the civil rights activities and social changes that affected Tallahassee during those years. When he arrived, he joined the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations, the city's first integrated civic organization. Many members of the Council were FSU and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) professors. Ice became its president in 1961-1962. During that time he came under heavy criticism from local political figures for his statements supporting the rights of African-Americans to demonstrate and perform civil disobedience for their cause. Ice was almost fired from his FSU teaching position. It was because of his work with the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations that he became acquainted with many local African-American leaders and participants and familiar with the issues and problems they faced.\n Through this experience, Ice became convinced of the importance of the activities of the Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement in our nation's history. Primarily, he wanted to record these events, as told by individuals who witnessed them, before they faded from memory. He also wanted to enlighten his students about what took place during this era of racial tension, courage, and sacrifice and the role that Tallahassee played nationally in the civil rights struggle. He also became involved in this project in the late 1970s because he felt it was significant for people to know that there was progress made in civil rights and race relations since the early 1960s.\n Working for the FSU Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion with funding supplied by a Rockefeller Foundation grant, Ice taped a series of interviews with people who were residents of Tallahassee during that era. He selected a representative sample of civil rights advocates and their opponents.","The oral history interviews were originally recorded in the summer of 1978, by Dr. Ice, on audiocassettes. Typed transcripts of the tapes were prepared in 1982 at Florida State University. Dr. John Carey of the FSU Department of Religion supervised the typing and editing of the tapes.","User copies of the recorded interviews are available on compact disks.","Content of audiocassettes and digital disks may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026 Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu.","Processed by Special Collections staff in January 1990. Partially funded by a National Historical and Publications Records Commission grant, the finding aid was updated, the audiocassettes were reformatted to CD-R media by the Digital Media Center from February-April 2003, and several tapes were restored and reformatted to CD-R by conservator Richard Hess of Vignettes Media in July 2004.","Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Topics include the Tallahassee Bus Boycott of 1956, lunch counter sit-ins, theatre demonstrations, school desegregation, voter registration, and race relations.\n Also includes recordings and transcripts of a 1978 speech by C.K. Steele to FSU students, as well as audio of a 1957 speech made by LeRoy Collins to the Presbyterian Men's Convention in Miami, to which Collins refers during his 1978 interview.","Select materials from this collection are available online through  FSU Digital Library .","Works in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders.","Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance","Ice, Jackson Lee","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 1990-001","/repositories/10/resources/1319"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"collection_ssim":["Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, 1957, 1973, 1978, Date acquired: December 1, 1978, bulk 1978"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"geogname_ssm":["Alachua County (Fla.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Alachua County (Fla.)"],"creator_ssm":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"creator_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"creators_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee"],"places_ssim":["Alachua County (Fla.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Works in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Given by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice in December 1978."],"access_subjects_ssim":["White Citizens Council (Leon County, Fla.)","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil Rights Demonstrations--Florida--Tallahassee","Civil Rights Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","Demonstrations United States","Protest Movements--Florida--Tallahassee.","Race Relations--Florida--Tallahassee","Student Movements--Civil Rights--History--20th Century","Student Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","United States--Race relations","Interviews.","Civil rights.","Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["White Citizens Council (Leon County, Fla.)","African Americans--Civil rights","Civil Rights Demonstrations--Florida--Tallahassee","Civil Rights Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","Demonstrations United States","Protest Movements--Florida--Tallahassee.","Race Relations--Florida--Tallahassee","Student Movements--Civil Rights--History--20th Century","Student Movements--Florida--Tallahassee","United States--Race relations","Interviews.","Civil rights.","Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.50 Linear Feet 6 boxes","1.25 Linear Feet 3 boxes","34 items 1 box","32 Cassettes 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.50 Linear Feet 6 boxes","1.25 Linear Feet 3 boxes","34 items 1 box","32 Cassettes 2 boxes"],"physfacet_tesim":["total collection extent","paper documents","optical discs - digital audio","audiocassettes"],"genreform_ssim":["Audiocassettes","CD-ROMs","Sound recordings.","DVD-ROMs"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eExcept where otherwise noted, this collection is open for all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBox 1-3 may be accessed by researchers upon request at the Special Collections Research Center.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eContents of Box 4-6 are restricted. Access requests will be reviewed by curators in conideration of preservation concerns and interviewee-imposed restrictions.  Contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information about access to these materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSee also Technical Requirements note below.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Except where otherwise noted, this collection is open for all researchers.","Box 1-3 may be accessed by researchers upon request at the Special Collections Research Center.","Contents of Box 4-6 are restricted. Access requests will be reviewed by curators in conideration of preservation concerns and interviewee-imposed restrictions.  Contact lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu for more information about access to these materials.","See also Technical Requirements note below."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecordings and transcripts are arranged alphabetically by interviewee.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Recordings and transcripts are arranged alphabetically by interviewee."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJackson Lee Ice was born in 1925 in Buffalo, NY. He received his B.A. degree from the University of Pittsburgh and his M. Div. from Colgate-Rochester Divinity School. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1955. That same year, Ice became a faculty member in the Florida State University (FSU) Department of Philosophy. As a professor of religion, Ice was interested in the philosophy of religion, contemporary religious thought, and the relationship between religion and art and religion and science. In 1974, he became full professor, serving in that rank until his death in 1991. At the time of his death, Ice was working on a manuscript for a book, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAlbert Schweitzer: Sketches for a Portrait.\u003c/emph\u003e It was published by University Press of America in 1994. John Carey, former Chairman of FSU's Department of Religion, described Ice as \"one of America's premier Schweitzer scholars.\"\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement oral history project, conducted in the summer of 1978, was a natural outgrowth of Dr. Ice's involvement in Tallahassee civil rights activities during the late 1950s and 1960s. Ice arrived in Tallahassee in 1955, nine months before the bus boycott. He was a witness to and a participant in the civil rights activities and social changes that affected Tallahassee during those years. When he arrived, he joined the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations, the city's first integrated civic organization. Many members of the Council were FSU and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) professors. Ice became its president in 1961-1962. During that time he came under heavy criticism from local political figures for his statements supporting the rights of African-Americans to demonstrate and perform civil disobedience for their cause. Ice was almost fired from his FSU teaching position. It was because of his work with the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations that he became acquainted with many local African-American leaders and participants and familiar with the issues and problems they faced.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThrough this experience, Ice became convinced of the importance of the activities of the Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement in our nation's history. Primarily, he wanted to record these events, as told by individuals who witnessed them, before they faded from memory. He also wanted to enlighten his students about what took place during this era of racial tension, courage, and sacrifice and the role that Tallahassee played nationally in the civil rights struggle. He also became involved in this project in the late 1970s because he felt it was significant for people to know that there was progress made in civil rights and race relations since the early 1960s.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWorking for the FSU Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion with funding supplied by a Rockefeller Foundation grant, Ice taped a series of interviews with people who were residents of Tallahassee during that era. He selected a representative sample of civil rights advocates and their opponents.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jackson Lee Ice was born in 1925 in Buffalo, NY. He received his B.A. degree from the University of Pittsburgh and his M. Div. from Colgate-Rochester Divinity School. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1955. That same year, Ice became a faculty member in the Florida State University (FSU) Department of Philosophy. As a professor of religion, Ice was interested in the philosophy of religion, contemporary religious thought, and the relationship between religion and art and religion and science. In 1974, he became full professor, serving in that rank until his death in 1991. At the time of his death, Ice was working on a manuscript for a book,  Albert Schweitzer: Sketches for a Portrait.  It was published by University Press of America in 1994. John Carey, former Chairman of FSU's Department of Religion, described Ice as \"one of America's premier Schweitzer scholars.\"\n The Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement oral history project, conducted in the summer of 1978, was a natural outgrowth of Dr. Ice's involvement in Tallahassee civil rights activities during the late 1950s and 1960s. Ice arrived in Tallahassee in 1955, nine months before the bus boycott. He was a witness to and a participant in the civil rights activities and social changes that affected Tallahassee during those years. When he arrived, he joined the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations, the city's first integrated civic organization. Many members of the Council were FSU and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) professors. Ice became its president in 1961-1962. During that time he came under heavy criticism from local political figures for his statements supporting the rights of African-Americans to demonstrate and perform civil disobedience for their cause. Ice was almost fired from his FSU teaching position. It was because of his work with the Tallahassee Council on Human Relations that he became acquainted with many local African-American leaders and participants and familiar with the issues and problems they faced.\n Through this experience, Ice became convinced of the importance of the activities of the Tallahassee Civil Rights Movement in our nation's history. Primarily, he wanted to record these events, as told by individuals who witnessed them, before they faded from memory. He also wanted to enlighten his students about what took place during this era of racial tension, courage, and sacrifice and the role that Tallahassee played nationally in the civil rights struggle. He also became involved in this project in the late 1970s because he felt it was significant for people to know that there was progress made in civil rights and race relations since the early 1960s.\n Working for the FSU Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion with funding supplied by a Rockefeller Foundation grant, Ice taped a series of interviews with people who were residents of Tallahassee during that era. He selected a representative sample of civil rights advocates and their opponents."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe oral history interviews were originally recorded in the summer of 1978, by Dr. Ice, on audiocassettes. Typed transcripts of the tapes were prepared in 1982 at Florida State University. Dr. John Carey of the FSU Department of Religion supervised the typing and editing of the tapes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The oral history interviews were originally recorded in the summer of 1978, by Dr. Ice, on audiocassettes. Typed transcripts of the tapes were prepared in 1982 at Florida State University. Dr. John Carey of the FSU Department of Religion supervised the typing and editing of the tapes."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUser copies of the recorded interviews are available on compact disks.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["User copies of the recorded interviews are available on compact disks."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent of audiocassettes and digital disks may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["Content of audiocassettes and digital disks may not be immediately accessible to researchers. For more information, please contact Special Collections \u0026 Archives staff at lib-specialcollections@fsu.edu."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, MSS 1990-001, Special Collections \u0026amp; Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1990-001\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Title of Item], [Date of Item], Tallahassee Civil Rights Oral History Collection, MSS 1990-001, Special Collections \u0026 Archives, Florida State University Libraries, Tallahassee, Florida. https://purl.lib.fsu.edu/fa/MSS-1990-001"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Special Collections staff in January 1990. Partially funded by a National Historical and Publications Records Commission grant, the finding aid was updated, the audiocassettes were reformatted to CD-R media by the Digital Media Center from February-April 2003, and several tapes were restored and reformatted to CD-R by conservator Richard Hess of Vignettes Media in July 2004.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Special Collections staff in January 1990. Partially funded by a National Historical and Publications Records Commission grant, the finding aid was updated, the audiocassettes were reformatted to CD-R media by the Digital Media Center from February-April 2003, and several tapes were restored and reformatted to CD-R by conservator Richard Hess of Vignettes Media in July 2004."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Topics include the Tallahassee Bus Boycott of 1956, lunch counter sit-ins, theatre demonstrations, school desegregation, voter registration, and race relations.\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAlso includes recordings and transcripts of a 1978 speech by C.K. Steele to FSU students, as well as audio of a 1957 speech made by LeRoy Collins to the Presbyterian Men's Convention in Miami, to which Collins refers during his 1978 interview.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSelect materials from this collection are available online through \u003cextref href=\"https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:tallycivilrightsoralhistories\"\u003eFSU Digital Library\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Online Copies Available"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Topics include the Tallahassee Bus Boycott of 1956, lunch counter sit-ins, theatre demonstrations, school desegregation, voter registration, and race relations.\n Also includes recordings and transcripts of a 1978 speech by C.K. Steele to FSU students, as well as audio of a 1957 speech made by LeRoy Collins to the Presbyterian Men's Convention in Miami, to which Collins refers during his 1978 interview.","Select materials from this collection are available online through  FSU Digital Library ."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWorks in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Works in this collection are protected by copyright. Re-use or copying of these works beyond Fair Use may require permission from rights-holders."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ec8ae3407a5dc774646a3473a8bc597b\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eSound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews for project \"An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Tallahassee, Florida 1956-1966: Personal Interviews with Key Civil Rights Leaders, Spokesmen, and Participants,\" prepared by Dr. Jackson Lee Ice for the Center for the Study of Southern Culture and Religion, Department of Religion, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation."],"names_coll_ssim":["Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-"],"names_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance","Ice, Jackson Lee","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-"],"corpname_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University","Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee, FL)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Tallahassee Council on Human Relations","Tallahassee Ministerial Alliance"],"persname_ssim":["Ice, Jackson Lee","Anderson, Russell Lloyd, 1907-","Ausley, Susan Mitchell, 1921-1985","Collins, LeRoy","Conoly, George W., 1902-1980","Dupont, King Solomon, 1903-1983","Grigg, Charles M., 1918-1992","Hay, Marion Jewell, 1900-1981","Hudson, James L., 1903-1980","Johnson, Malcolm B., 1913-1989","Killian, Lewis M.","Lewis, Clifton, 1919-","Lewis II, George, 1913-1996","Miles, Moses G., 1918-1988","Norwood, Edwin, 1909-1979","Richards, Hazel, 1901-1993","Rudd, John A., 1923-2004","Smith, Charles U.","Speed, Daniel, 1906-1987","Steele, Charles Kenzie, 1914-1980","Teague Jr., Samuel, 1922-"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":73,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"_root_":"601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4","timestamp":"2026-04-21T04:48:13.260Z"}]}}],"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/601000f3b9848baa57ad06f4"}},{"id":"2b74d0ea32d222255fc0a20b","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Willie Mae Williams collection, 1943-1945, Date acquired: 03/16/2009, bulk 1945","creator":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/2b74d0ea32d222255fc0a20b#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["Williams, Willie Mae"],"label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/2b74d0ea32d222255fc0a20b#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection relates to Willie Mae Williams, an African American woman, who served in the Women's Army Corps during World War II. The collection includes an oral history interview, photographs, newspaper clippings, a cassette tape of the oral history, a woman's veterans hat, a Women's Army Corps souvenir tray, a Women's Army Corps tag, and a yearbook for the 1881st Service Command unit.\u003c/p\u003e"],"label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://flvc.lyrasistechnology.org/catalog/2b74d0ea32d222255fc0a20b#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":[{"id":"2b74d0ea32d222255fc0a20b","title_ssm":["Willie Mae Williams collection"],"title_tesim":["Willie Mae Williams collection"],"ead_ssi":"2b74d0ea32d222255fc0a20b","unitdate_ssm":["1943-1945","1945","Date acquired: 03/16/2009"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1943-1945"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 03/16/2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["04.0144","/repositories/10/resources/494"],"text":["04.0144","/repositories/10/resources/494","Willie Mae Williams collection, 1943-1945, Date acquired: 03/16/2009, bulk 1945","World War, 1939-1945--Pictorial works","African American men","African Americans--Civil rights","African American soldiers--Biography","African American veterans--Biography","African American women--Civil rights--History--20th century","African American women employees","African American women--History","United States--Armed Forces--African Americans--History--20th century","United States--Armed Forces--Biography","United States--Race relations--History--20th century","Race discrimination--United States","Tallahassee (Fla.)--Civil Rights","World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American","This collection is open to all researchers.","Creator","Willie Mae Williams was born on October 23, 1912, in Archer, Florida, and enlisted as a WAC on February 27, 1943. She was from the Tampa, Florida area. She worked stateside as a cook in hospitals, learning to make food for large groups and for special diets. She was discharged in 1945 at Ft. Bragg. Williams passed away on March 14, 2009, in Tampa, Florida.","Transferred from the Institute on World War II and the Human Experience to FSU Libraries Special Collections \u0026 Archives in July 2022.","Link to Willie Mae Williams Legacy.com obituary","This collection relates to Willie Mae Williams, an African American woman, who served in the Women's Army Corps during World War II. The collection includes an oral history interview, photographs, newspaper clippings, a cassette tape of the oral history, a woman's veterans hat, a Women's Army Corps souvenir tray, a Women's Army Corps tag, and a yearbook for the 1881st Service Command unit.","In her oral history interview, she discusses basic training for women and the WAC's unpreparedness for the women. She worked in the hospital and talks about life as a female on base and in traveling off base to visit civilians; talk about female pregnancy in the WAC.","All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher.","FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives","United States. Army. Women's Army Corps","Williams, Willie Mae","English"],"unitid_tesim":["04.0144","/repositories/10/resources/494"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1943-1945, Date acquired: 03/16/2009, bulk 1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Willie Mae Williams collection, 1943-1945, Date acquired: 03/16/2009, bulk 1945"],"collection_title_tesim":["Willie Mae Williams collection, 1943-1945, Date acquired: 03/16/2009, bulk 1945"],"collection_ssim":["Willie Mae Williams collection, 1943-1945, Date acquired: 03/16/2009, bulk 1945"],"repository_ssm":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"repository_ssim":["FSU Special Collections \u0026 Archives"],"creator_ssm":["Williams, Willie Mae"],"creator_ssim":["Williams, Willie Mae"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Williams, Willie Mae"],"creators_ssim":["Williams, Willie Mae"],"access_terms_ssm":["All requests for permission to quote, publish, broadcast or otherwise reproduce from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to the Associate Dean for Special Collections \u0026 Archives. Permission for publication is given on behalf of the Florida State University Libraries as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the researcher."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Veleta Cheney","Donation"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945--Pictorial works","African American men","African Americans--Civil rights","African American soldiers--Biography","African American veterans--Biography","African American women--Civil rights--History--20th century","African American women employees","African American women--History","United States--Armed Forces--African Americans--History--20th century","United States--Armed Forces--Biography","United States--Race relations--History--20th century","Race discrimination--United States","Tallahassee (Fla.)--Civil Rights","World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945--Pictorial works","African American men","African Americans--Civil rights","African American soldiers--Biography","African American veterans--Biography","African American women--Civil rights--History--20th century","African American women employees","African American women--History","United States--Armed Forces--African Americans--History--20th century","United States--Armed Forces--Biography","United States--Race relations--History--20th century","Race discrimination--United States","Tallahassee (Fla.)--Civil Rights","World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, American"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.00 folders"],"extent_tesim":["1.00 folders"],"date_range_isim":[1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCreator\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["Creator"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWillie Mae Williams was born on October 23, 1912, in Archer, Florida, and enlisted as a WAC on February 27, 1943. 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